一、路由概述
1、含义
路由:根据路由表转发数据。
2、路由表
- 路由器中维护的路由条目的集合
- 路由器根据路由表做路径选择
3、路由表的形成
直连网段:配置IP地址,端口UP状态,形成直连路由
非直连网段
4、选取最优路由标准
- 子网掩码长度最长最优先匹配
- 选取路由协议中优先级最小的最优先匹配
DIRECT:0
RIP:100
IBGM:256
EBGD:256
OSPF:10
OSPF ASE:150
OSPF NSSA:150
IS-IS:15
STATIC:60 - 相同路由协议的情况下,选取metric值最小的最优先匹配。
每种协议metric值定义的都不相同,静态路由和路由优先级有关,这个是人为指定的,RIP协议和跳数有关,跳数越小越优先,0SPF协议和带宽有关,带宽最大最优先。metric是 用来判定链路质量优劣的。 - 如果以上都没有路由可以匹配得上,就匹配默认路由。
二、路由协议的分类
1、路由协议
1.静态路由一管理员手工配置路由。
2.动态路由一路由器间自动学习路由
局域网内
1.IGP(内部网关路由协议) 一RIPV1、 RIPV2、 EIGRP (DV)距离矢量路由协议。
2.OSPF、ISIS (LS)链路状态路由协议.
互联网
EGP (外部网关路由协议)一BGPV4 (版本四)
2、静态路由
概述:是由管理员在路由器中手动配置的固定路由。
特点
1.允许对路由行为进行精准的控制。
2.是单向的
3.缺乏灵活性
静态路由协议只能小规模的企业网络,大型企业网络用的是动态路由协议。
静方路由优点:配置灵活,管理员手工配置,节省链路开销。
静心路由缺点:当拓扑发生改变时,需要管理员去每台路由器上修改路由配置。
建议五条以内的外部路由用静态路由协议,五条以上的用动态路由协议。
3、默认路由
默认路由是静态路由的一-种特殊形式,它属于静态路由中的一-种,使用它是有条件的,只能在末梢网络中使用。
4、浮动路由
浮动路由指的是配置两条静态路由,默认选取链路质量优(带宽大的)作为主路径,当主路径出现故障时,由带宽较小的备份路由顶替,保持网络的不中断。
三、路由小实验
1、静态路由小实验
R2
u t m
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.
sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]q
system-view
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]user-interface console 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]q
[Huawei]int loop 0
[Huawei-LoopBack0]ip add 192.168.1.10 24
[Huawei-LoopBack0]q
[Huawei]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 10.1.1.2 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[Huawei]ip route-static 10.1.2.0 24 10.1.1.3
[Huawei]ip route-static 172.16.1.0 24 10.1.1.3
R3
u t m
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.
sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]user-interface console 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]q
[Huawei]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 10.1.1.3 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shut
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 10.1.2.3 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo shut
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 is not shutdown.
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[Huawei]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 24 10.1.1.2
[Huawei]ip route-static 172.16.1.0 24 10.1.2.4
R4
u t m
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.
sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]user-interface console 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]q
[Huawei]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 10.1.2.4 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shut
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int loop 0
[Huawei-LoopBack0]ip add 172.16.1.10 24
[Huawei-LoopBack0]q
[Huawei]ip route-static 10.1.1.0 24 10.1.2.3
[Huawei]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 24 10.1.2.3
2、浮动路由小实验
R1
u t m
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.
sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]user-interface console 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]q
[Huawei]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 12.1.1.1 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int e0/0/0
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/0]ip add 21.1.1.1 24
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/0]q
[Huawei]int loop 0
[Huawei-LoopBack0]ip add 1.1.1.1 24
[Huawei]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 12.1.1.2
[Huawei]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 21.1.1.2 preference 61
[Huawei]q
R2
u t m
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.
sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]user-interface console 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]q
[Huawei]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 12.1.1.2 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 23.1.1.2 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]int e0/0/0
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/0]ip add 21.1.1.2 24
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/0]un sh
Info: Interface Ethernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/0]q
[Huawei]ip route-static 3.3.3.3 32 23.1.1.3
[Huawei]ip route-static 1.1.1.1 32 21.1.1.1
[Huawei]ip route-static 1.1.1.1 32 12.1.1.1 preference 61
[Huawei]q
R3
u t m
Info: Current terminal monitor is off.
sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]user-interface console 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]idle-timeout 0 0
[Huawei-ui-console0]q
[Huawei]int loop0
[Huawei-LoopBack0]ip add 3.3.3.3 32
[Huawei-LoopBack0]int g0/0/0
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 23.1.1.3 24
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[Huawei]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 23.1.1.2
[Huawei]q