在 U-Boot中,Denx(U-Boot的开发商)针对常见的DDR内存故障进行了严格的检测处理,下图描述了该检测处理过程的三个步骤:检测数据线、地址线和DDR物理存储部件,主要涉及这三个步骤的处理过程和方法,对于DDR子系统,是很容易出故障并且是很难debug检测出来的,而Denx所针对 DDR内存故障设计的检测方法是非常严谨,值得学习研究的。
下面主要是相关的检测处理思路及问题:
1、为什么先检测数据线?
因为如果数据线是断开的,那么一切无从谈起!接下来是检测地址线,只有数据线和地址线都通过,检测内存的存储单元才有意义,这样的流程也利于分割定位问题。上面testing sequence框图将整个检测过程分成三大步,用三个虚线方框表示。
2、数据线的连接错误
数据线的连接可能存在两种错误,一种是被断开,另一种布线或生产造成互相短路。
3、如何检测数据线的连接错误
Denx 设计的数据线检测算法还是很Tricky和精秒的,整个处理流程如下例子:如果是两根数据线,只需要写入并读出一个pattern=0b01(0b开头表示二进制数)就能判断它们是否短路或断开。很明显,大部分的嵌入式平台不止两根数据线,我们以64位地址线为例,pattern = 0b101010101010101010.... 能检测出奇偶位之间的数据错误。如果这个错误被排除,每两根数据线组成一组(这是理解下一个pattern的关键),再用相同的办法,检测每相邻两组之间是否有短路,就得到第二个pattern,就是 0b110011001100...... 依次类推,以4根数据线为一组,8根线为一组,相继得到共6个pattern,分别是 0xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa,0xcccccccccccccccc,0xf0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0,0xff00ff00ff00ff00,0xffff0000ffff0000,0xffffffff00000000。只要相继写入并读出这6个pattern就能验证是否存在数据线交叉短路错误。
4、如何检测数据线与板上其它信号线交叉短路或断路
取以上6个pattern的反码,总共12个pattern就能检测到每一位都可以写入和读出0和1。
5、什么是floating buses错误
floating buses会“欺骗”测试软件,如果测试软件写入并很快读出一个值的时候,写操作会跟数据线上的电容充电,总线会短暂的保持它的状态。当测试软件读操作时,总线会返回刚写入的值,即使实际上该数据线是断路的。
6、如何检测数据线的floating buses错误
检测floating buses错误的算法不复杂,在写入和读回之间再插入一次对不同地址写入不同值的操作。例如,X写入X1位置,Y写入Y1位置,再从X1位置读出X值则表示floating buses错误不存在。
7、地址线的错误
如果地址线存在错误,其症状是地址空间中的两个不同位置被映射到同一物理存储位置。更通俗地讲,就是写一个位置却“改变”了另一个位置。
8、地址线的错误检测
地址线的错误检测相对简单,其算法是:
1)、将地址的值作为内容写入该地址处,汇编的表示方法是 (addr) = addr。即将地址值写到地址对应的空间里,这样确保每一个位置的内容不同。
2)、依次将内存基地址的某一根地址线的值翻转(flip/toggle)得到某个地址,从该地址取值,如果该值和基地址的值相等,则表示某一位地址线有问题。
这个算法的特点是每次只检测一根地址线,方法简单有效。
9、存储单元的错误
以上数据线和地址线的检测都是检测布线或工厂生产的错误,而存储单元的检测则是真正对DDR内存芯片的检测。内存芯片的常见错误是bit-stuck,简而言之,就是让它是0,它偏为1,让它为1,它偏为0,检测方法也很简单,就是用不同的pattern去写尽可能所有的地址并读回比较。有一些常用的 pattern如0x5555, 0xAAAA等。
10、几个简单的检测DDR故障的方法
上面的DDR检测算法,虽然全面,但是耗时比较长,常常需要好几个小时,在Uboot命令行下也有几个简单的命令可以检测常见内存故障,如下所示:
1)、mtest addr lenth pattern
这个命令需要注意,DDR在Uboot启动后被映射到了0地址,但是uboot的代码和堆、栈空间0x10000000处开始,这些空间是不能被刷的,否则就挂死了。
2)、复制NOR flash的内容到内存中,如 cp.b 0x20080000 0x7fc0 20000,然后比较 cmp.b 0x20080000 0x7fc0 20000。
3)、下载kernel image到内存中,copy NOR flash 或tftp都行,然后调用iminfo LOAD_ADDR 检测CRC错误。
第一种方法是用特定的pattern去刷DDR的空闲空间,第二种和第三种方法可以说Pattern的随机性更大一些。
当然最彻底的检测方法当然是长时间跑Linux系统,上面的方法更适用于系统不稳定时定位错误。
具体代码实现如下:
static void move64(unsigned long long *src, unsigned long long *dest)
{
*dest = *src;
}
/*
* This is 64 bit wide test patterns. Note that they reside in ROM
* (which presumably works) and the tests write them to RAM which may
* not work.
*
* The "otherpattern" is written to drive the data bus to values other
* than the test pattern. This is for detecting floating bus lines.
*
*/
const static unsigned long long pattern[] = {
0xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaULL,
0xccccccccccccccccULL,
0xf0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0ULL,
0xff00ff00ff00ff00ULL,
0xffff0000ffff0000ULL,
0xffffffff00000000ULL,
0x00000000ffffffffULL,
0x0000ffff0000ffffULL,
0x00ff00ff00ff00ffULL,
0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0fULL,
0x3333333333333333ULL,
0x5555555555555555ULL
};
const unsigned long long otherpattern = 0x0123456789abcdefULL;
/* 数据线检测 */
static int memory_post_dataline(unsigned long long * pmem)
{
unsigned long long temp64 = 0;
int num_patterns = sizeof(pattern)/ sizeof(pattern[0]);
int i;
unsigned int hi, lo, pathi, patlo;
int ret = 0;
for ( i = 0; i < num_patterns; i++)
{
move64((unsigned long long *)&(pattern[i]), pmem++);
/*
* Put a different pattern on the data lines: otherwise they
* may float long enough to read back what we wrote.
*/
/* 预防floating buses错误 */
move64((unsigned long long *)&otherpattern, pmem--);
move64(pmem, &temp64);
#ifdef INJECT_DATA_ERRORS
temp64 ^= 0x00008000;
#endif
if (temp64 != pattern[i])
{
pathi = (pattern[i]>>32) & 0xffffffff;
patlo = pattern[i] & 0xffffffff;
hi = (temp64>>32) & 0xffffffff;
lo = temp64 & 0xffffffff;
post_log ("Memory (date line) error at %08x, "
"wrote %08x%08x, read %08x%08x !\n",
pmem, pathi, patlo, hi, lo);
ret = -1;
}
}
return ret;
}
/* 地址线检测 */
static int memory_post_addrline(ulong *testaddr, ulong *base, ulong size)
{
ulong *target;
ulong *end;
ulong readback;
ulong xor;
int ret = 0;
end = (ulong *)((ulong)base + size);/* pointer arith! */
xor = 0;
for(xor = sizeof(ulong); xor > 0; xor <<= 1)
{
/* 对测试的地址的某一根地址线的值翻转 */
target = (ulong *)((ulong)testaddr ^ xor);
if((target >= base) && (target < end))
{
/* 由于target是testaddr某一根地址线的值翻转得来
故testaddr != target,下面赋值操作后
应有*testaddr != *target */
*testaddr = ~*target;
readback = *target;
#ifdef INJECT_ADDRESS_ERRORS
if(xor == 0x00008000)
{
readback = *testaddr;
}
#endif
/* 出现此种情况只有testaddr == target,即某根地址线翻转无效 */
if(readback == *testaddr)
{
post_log ("Memory (address line) error at %08x<->%08x, "
"XOR value %08x !\n",
testaddr, target, xor);
ret = -1;
}
}
}
return ret;
}
static int memory_post_test1 (unsigned long start,
unsigned long size,
unsigned long val)
{
unsigned long i;
ulong *mem = (ulong *) start;
ulong readback;
int ret = 0;
for (i = 0; i < size / sizeof (ulong); i++) {
mem[i] = val;
if (i % 1024 == 0)
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
}
for (i = 0; i < size / sizeof (ulong) && ret == 0; i++) {
readback = mem[i];
if (readback != val) {
post_log ("Memory error at %08x, "
"wrote %08x, read %08x !\n",
mem + i, val, readback);
ret = -1;
break;
}
if (i % 1024 == 0)
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
}
return ret;
}
static int memory_post_test2 (unsigned long start, unsigned long size)
{
unsigned long i;
ulong *mem = (ulong *) start;
ulong readback;
int ret = 0;
for (i = 0; i < size / sizeof (ulong); i++) {
mem[i] = 1 << (i % 32);
if (i % 1024 == 0)
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
}
for (i = 0; i < size / sizeof (ulong) && ret == 0; i++) {
readback = mem[i];
if (readback != (1 << (i % 32))) {
post_log ("Memory error at %08x, "
"wrote %08x, read %08x !\n",
mem + i, 1 << (i % 32), readback);
ret = -1;
break;
}
if (i % 1024 == 0)
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
}
return ret;
}
static int memory_post_test3 (unsigned long start, unsigned long size)
{
unsigned long i;
ulong *mem = (ulong *) start;
ulong readback;
int ret = 0;
for (i = 0; i < size / sizeof (ulong); i++) {
mem[i] = i;
if (i % 1024 == 0)
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
}
for (i = 0; i < size / sizeof (ulong) && ret == 0; i++) {
readback = mem[i];
if (readback != i) {
post_log ("Memory error at %08x, "
"wrote %08x, read %08x !\n",
mem + i, i, readback);
ret = -1;
break;
}
if (i % 1024 == 0)
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
}
return ret;
}
static int memory_post_test4 (unsigned long start, unsigned long size)
{
unsigned long i;
ulong *mem = (ulong *) start;
ulong readback;
int ret = 0;
for (i = 0; i < size / sizeof (ulong); i++) {
mem[i] = ~i;
if (i % 1024 == 0)
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
}
for (i = 0; i < size / sizeof (ulong) && ret == 0; i++) {
readback = mem[i];
if (readback != ~i) {
post_log ("Memory error at %08x, "
"wrote %08x, read %08x !\n",
mem + i, ~i, readback);
ret = -1;
break;
}
if (i % 1024 == 0)
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
}
return ret;
}
static int memory_post_tests (unsigned long start, unsigned long size)
{
int ret = 0;
if (ret == 0)
ret = memory_post_dataline ((unsigned long long *)start);
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
if (ret == 0)
ret = memory_post_addrline ((ulong *)start, (ulong *)start, size);
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
if (ret == 0)
ret = memory_post_addrline ((ulong *)(start + size - 8),
(ulong *)start, size);
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
if (ret == 0)
ret = memory_post_test1 (start, size, 0x00000000);
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
if (ret == 0)
ret = memory_post_test1 (start, size, 0xffffffff);
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
if (ret == 0)
ret = memory_post_test1 (start, size, 0x55555555);
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
if (ret == 0)
ret = memory_post_test1 (start, size, 0xaaaaaaaa);
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
if (ret == 0)
ret = memory_post_test2 (start, size);
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
if (ret == 0)
ret = memory_post_test3 (start, size);
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
if (ret == 0)
ret = memory_post_test4 (start, size);
WATCHDOG_RESET ();
return ret;
}