【基础篇】pytorch学习笔记（三）[神经网络、反向求导、参数查看、torch.nn、torch.optim等]

神经网络可以通过torch.nn包来构建
nn依赖autograd（见学习笔记二）来定义模型和微分
nn.Module包含各种类型的网络层(layers)
前向传播forward(input),返回output.

一、网络训练的基本步骤

• 定义一个具有科学系参数的神经网络(权值)
• 迭代数据集的所有输入
• 通过网络处理输入
• 计算loss
• 反向求网络参数的梯度
• 更新参数(权重)[新权值 = 权值- 学习率 * 梯度]

二、定义网络

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F


class Net(nn.Module):

    def __init__(self):
        super(Net, self).__init__()
        # 1 input image channel, 6 output channels, 3x3 square convolution
        # kernel
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 6, 3)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 3)
        # an affine operation: y = Wx + b
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(16 * 6 * 6, 120)  # 6*6 from image dimension
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(120, 84)
        self.fc3 = nn.Linear(84, 10)

    def forward(self, x):
        # Max pooling over a (2, 2) window
        x = F.max_pool2d(F.relu(self.conv1(x)), (2, 2))
        # If the size is a square you can only specify a single number
        x = F.max_pool2d(F.relu(self.conv2(x)), 2)
        x = x.view(-1, self.num_flat_features(x))
        x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))
        x = F.relu(self.fc2(x))
        x = self.fc3(x)
        return x

    def num_flat_features(self, x):
        size = x.size()[1:]  # all dimensions except the batch dimension
        num_features = 1
        for s in size:
            num_features *= s
        return num_features


net = Net()
print(net)

输出：

Net(
  (conv1): Conv2d(1, 6, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1))
  (conv2): Conv2d(6, 16, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1))
  (fc1): Linear(in_features=576, out_features=120, bias=True)
  (fc2): Linear(in_features=120, out_features=84, bias=True)
  (fc3): Linear(in_features=84, out_features=10, bias=True)
)

只定义了前向传播，反向传播在使用autograd时会自动生成，前向传播中可使用任意tensor的操作

torch.nn只支持mini-batches的样本而不是单个样本。比如nn.Conv2d的输入为四维TensornSamples X nChannels X Height X Width)。如果你只有单个样本，使用input.unsqueeze(0)来增加假batch维

二、查看网络参数

用net.parameters()

params = list(net.parameters())
print(len(params))
print(params[0].size())  # conv1's .weight

输出:

10
torch.Size([6, 1, 3, 3])

三、处理输入及反向求导

#input 32 x 32
input = torch.randn(1, 1, 32, 32)   #四维Tensor
out = net(input)
print(out)

输出：

tensor([[-0.1615,  0.1094,  0.1606, -0.1443,  0.0543, -0.1621,  0.1377,  0.1748,
          0.0129, -0.0754]], grad_fn=<AddmmBackward>

先将梯度清零再求：

net.zero_grad()
out.backward(torch.randn(1, 10))

四、损失函数Loss Function

target = torch.randn(10)     # a dummy target, for example
target = target.view(1, -1)  # make it the same shape as output
criterion = nn.MSELoss()     #loss function is MSE

loss = criterion(output, target)   #compute loss
print(loss)

输出：

tensor(0.9596, grad_fn=<MseLossBackward>)

五、反向更新

现在，如果使用loss的.grad_fn属性反向跟踪loss，将看到一个如下所示的计算图：

input -> conv2d -> relu -> maxpool2d -> conv2d -> relu -> maxpool2d
      -> view -> linear -> relu -> linear -> relu -> linear
      -> MSELoss
      -> loss

在调用loss.backward，整张图都会根据loss被微分，并且所有requires_grad=True的tensor的.gradTensor都会不断地积累梯度。

查看求导过程：

print(loss.grad_fn)  # MSELoss
print(loss.grad_fn.next_functions[0][0])  # Linear
print(loss.grad_fn.next_functions[0][0].next_functions[0][0])  # ReLU

输出：

<MseLossBackward object at 0x7f437c57bcf8>
<AddmmBackward object at 0x7f437c57bda0>
<AccumulateGrad object at 0x7f437c57bda0>

反向求导：

net.zero_grad()     # zeroes the gradient buffers of all parameters

print('conv1.bias.grad before backward')
print(net.conv1.bias.grad)

loss.backward()

print('conv1.bias.grad after backward')
print(net.conv1.bias.grad)

输出：

conv1.bias.grad before backward
tensor([0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.])
conv1.bias.grad after backward
tensor([-0.0205, -0.0230,  0.0066, -0.0229, -0.0113, -0.0123])

六、更新权重(优化器等)

import torch.optim as optim

# create your optimizer
optimizer = optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.01)

# in your training loop:
optimizer.zero_grad()   # zero the gradient buffers
output = net(input)
loss = criterion(output, target)
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()    # Does the update