java字符串缓冲池分析

  java的虚拟机在内存中开辟出一块单独的区域，用来存储字符串对象，这块内存区域被称为字符串缓冲池。那个java的字符串缓冲池是如何工作的呢？

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">String</span> a = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"abc"</span>;
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">String</span> b = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"abc"</span>;
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">String</span> c = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">String</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"xyz"</span>);</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

例如上边的代码： 
String a = “abc”；

    创建字符串的时候先查找字符串缓冲池中有没有相同的对象，如果有相同的对象就直接返回该对象的引用，如果没有相同的对象就在字符串缓冲池中创建该对象，然后将该对象的应用返回。对于这一步而言，缓冲池中没有abc这个字符串对象，所以首先创建一个字符串对象，然后将对象引用返回给a。

String b = “abc”;

    这一句也是想要创建一个对象引用变量b使其指向abc这一对象。这时，首先查找字符串缓冲池，发现abc这个对象已经有了，这是就直接将这个对象的引用返回给b，此时a和b就共用了一个对象abc，不过不用担心，a改变了字符串而影响了b，因为字符串都是常量，一旦创建就没办法修改了，除非创建一个新的对象。

String c = new String(“xyz”);（这种构造方法的实现见附录）

    查找字符串缓冲池发现没有xyz这个字符串对象，于是就在字符串缓冲池中创建了一个zyx对象然后再将引用返回。

    从上边的分析可以看出，当new一个字符串时并不一定是创建了一个新的对象，有可能是与别的引用变量共同使用了同一个对象。下面看几个常见的有关字符串缓冲池的问题。

到底创建了几个字符串对象

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">        <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">String</span> a = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"abc"</span>;
        <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">String</span> b = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"abc"</span>;
        <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">String</span> c = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">String</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"xyz"</span>);
        <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">String</span> d = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">String</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"xyz"</span>);
        <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">String</span> e=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"ab"</span>+<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"cd"</span>;</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

    这个程序与上边的程序比较相似，我们分比来看一下：

    String a = “abc”;这一句由于缓冲池中没有abc这个字符串对象，所以会创建一个对象；String b = “abc”;由于缓冲池中已经有了abc这个对象，所以不会再创建新的对象；String c = new String(“xyz”);由于没有xyz这个字符串对象，所以会首先创建一个xyz的对象，然后这个字符串对象由作为String的构造方法，在内存中（不是缓冲池中）又创建了一个新的字符串对象，所以一共创建了两个对象；String d = new String(“xyz”);省略了创建一个对象的过程，所以只创建了一个对象；String e=”ab”+”cd”;由于常量的值在编译的时候就被确定了。所以这一句等价于String e=”abcd”;创建了一个对象

    所以创建的对象的个数分别是：1,0,2,1,1

到底相等不相等

    我们在学习java时就知道两个字符串对象相等的判断要用equal而不能使用==，但是学习了字符串缓冲池以后，应该知道为什么不能用==，什么情况下==和equal是等价的，首先，必须知道的是，==比较的是两个对象的内存地址是否相等，下面我们就通过几个程序来看一下：

<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">main</span>(String[] args) { 
        String s1 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Monday"</span>; 
        String s2 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Monday"</span>; 
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (s1 == s2) 
            System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"s1 == s2"</span>); 
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span> 
            System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"s1 != s2"</span>); 
    }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

输出结果：s1 == s2 
分析：通过上边的介绍字符串缓冲池，我们知道s1和s2都是指向字符串缓冲池中的同一个对象，所以内存地址是一样的，所以用==可以判断两个字符串是否相等。

<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">main</span>(String[] args) { 
        String s1 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Monday"</span>; 
        String s2 = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> String(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Monday"</span>); 
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (s1 == s2) 
            System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"s1 == s2"</span>); 
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span> 
            System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"s1 != s2"</span>); 
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (s1.equals(s2)) 
            System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"s1 equals s2"</span>); 
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span> 
            System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"s1 not equals s2"</span>); 
    } </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul>

输出结果：s1 != s2 
                 s1 equals s2 
分析：由上边的分析我们知道，String s2 = new String(“Monday”);这一句话没有在字符串缓冲池中创建新的对象，但是会在内存的其他位置创建一个新的对象，所以s1是指向字符串缓冲池的，s2是指向内存的其他位置，两者的内存地址不同的。

<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">main</span>(String[] args) { 
        String s1 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Monday"</span>; 
        String s2 = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> String(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Monday"</span>); 
        s2 = s2.intern(); 
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (s1 == s2) 
            System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"s1 == s2"</span>); 
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span> 
            System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"s1 != s2"</span>); 
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (s1.equals(s2)) 
            System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"s1 equals s2"</span>); 
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span> 
            System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"s1 not equals s2"</span>); 
    }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li></ul>

输出结果：s1 == s2 
                 s1 equals s2 
分析：先来说说intern（）这个方法的作用吧，这个方法的作用是返回在字符串缓冲池中的对象的引用，所以s2指向的也是字符串缓冲池中的地址，和s1是相等的。

<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">main</span>(String[] args) { 

        String Monday = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Monday"</span>;  
        String Mon = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Mon"</span>;  
        String  day = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"day"</span>;  
        System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(Monday == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Mon"</span> + <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"day"</span>);  
        System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(Monday == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Mon"</span> + day);  

    }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

输出结果：true 
                 false 
分析：第一个为什么等于true我们已经说过了，因为两者都是常量所以在编译阶段就已经能确定了，在第二个中，day是一个变量，所以不能提前确定他的值，所以两者不相等，从这个例子我们可以看出，只有+连接的两边都是字符串常量时，引用才会指向字符串缓冲池，都则都是指向内存中的其他地址。

<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">main</span>(String[] args) { 

        String Monday = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Monday"</span>;  
        String Mon = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Mon"</span>;  
        final String  day = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"day"</span>;  
        System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(Monday == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Mon"</span> + <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"day"</span>);  
        System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(Monday == <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Mon"</span> + day);  

    }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

输出结果：true 
                 true 
分析：加上final后day也变成了常量，所以第二句的引用也是指向的字符串缓冲池。

附录 
java源码中对于String a = new String（”abc”）；这种构造方法的实现

<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">String</span>(String original) {
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">value</span> = original.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">value</span>;
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.hash = original.hash;
    }</code>