与孩子一起学编程11章

上一章的小游戏，玩的开心不，接下来，我们要讨论些其他方面的知识点

先说说循环，还是循环，形成所谓的嵌套循环

很简单的乘法表代码

multiplier = 5
for i in range (1, 11):
    print i, "x", multiplier, "=", i * multiplier

IDLE运行结果

>>> 
1 x 5 = 5
2 x 5 = 10
3 x 5 = 15
4 x 5 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
6 x 5 = 30
7 x 5 = 35
8 x 5 = 40
9 x 5 = 45
10 x 5 = 50
>>> 

这是一个数的乘法表，如果我们要三个数的乘法表呢，这就是嵌套循环最擅长的

for multiplier in range (5, 8):
    for i in range (1, 11):
        print i, "x", multiplier, "=", i * multiplier
    print

运用结果

>>> 
1 x 5 = 5
2 x 5 = 10
3 x 5 = 15
4 x 5 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
6 x 5 = 30
7 x 5 = 35
8 x 5 = 40
9 x 5 = 45
10 x 5 = 50

1 x 6 = 6
2 x 6 = 12
3 x 6 = 18
4 x 6 = 24
5 x 6 = 30
6 x 6 = 36
7 x 6 = 42
8 x 6 = 48
9 x 6 = 54
10 x 6 = 60

1 x 7 = 7
2 x 7 = 14
3 x 7 = 21
4 x 7 = 28
5 x 7 = 35
6 x 7 = 42
7 x 7 = 49
8 x 7 = 56
9 x 7 = 63
10 x 7 = 70

>>> 

上面写得在实际中都不实用的，为什么，可变循环可以由用户来控制

numStars = int(raw_input ("how many stars do you want? "))
for i in range (1, numStars):
    print '*',

运行结果

>>> 
how many stars do you want? 6
* * * * *
>>> 

发现没有，希望得到6个星星，结果输出了5个。为什么呢，想想。

numStars = int(raw_input ("how many stars do you want? "))
for i in range (1, numStars + 1):
    print '*',

这次结果

>>> 
how many stars do you want? 6
* * * * * *
>>> 

还有一种方法，for循环从0开始计数，也是可以的。

numStars = int(raw_input ("how many stars do you want? "))
for i in range (0, numStars):
    print '*',

那可变嵌套循环呢

numLines = int(raw_input ('how many lines of stars do you want? '))
numStars = int(raw_input ("how many stars per line? "))
for line in range (0, numLines):
    for star in range(0, numStars):
        print '*',
    print

运行结果

>>> 
how many lines of stars do you want? 6
how many stars per line? 5
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
* * * * *
>>> 

这样有点意思了吧，甚至，还有嵌套嵌套循环

numBlocks = int(raw_input ('how many blocks of stars do you want? '))
numLines = int(raw_input ('how many lines of stars do you want? '))
numStars = int(raw_input ("how many stars per line? "))
for block in range(0, numBlocks):
    for line in range (0, numLines):
        for star in range(0, numStars):
            print '*',
        print
    print

运行结果如下

>>> 
how many blocks of stars do you want? 3
how many lines of stars do you want? 5
how many stars per line? 4
* * * *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * *

* * * *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * *

* * * *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * *

>>> 

这也是双重嵌套循环，更多可变嵌套循环，还可以写个更复杂的可变嵌套循环

numBlocks = int(raw_input ('how many blocks of stars do you want? '))
for block in range(1, numBlocks + 1):
    for line in range(1, block * 2 ):
        for star in range(1, (block + line) * 2):
            print '*',
        print
    print

运行结果

>>> 
how many blocks of stars do you want? 3
* * *

* * * * *
* * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

>>> 

还可以直接打印出循环变量的值

numBlocks = int(raw_input ('how many blocks of stars do you want? '))
for block in range(1, numBlocks + 1):
    print 'block = ', block
    for line in range(1, block * 2 ):
        for star in range(1, (block + line) * 2):
            print '*',
        print '  line =', line, 'star = ', star
    print

运行结果

>>> 
how many blocks of stars do you want? 3
block =  1
* * *   line = 1 star =  3

block =  2
* * * * *   line = 1 star =  5
* * * * * * *   line = 2 star =  7
* * * * * * * * *   line = 3 star =  9

block =  3
* * * * * * *   line = 1 star =  7
* * * * * * * * *   line = 2 star =  9
* * * * * * * * * * *   line = 3 star =  11
* * * * * * * * * * * * *   line = 4 star =  13
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *   line = 5 star =  15

>>> 

那使用嵌套循环能做些什么实际工作呢，他最擅长的其实就是得出一系列决定的所有可能的排列和组合。下面举个例子，热狗店里做一个广告海报，用数字显示如何订购热狗、小面包、番茄、芥末酱和洋葱的所有可能的组合。我们需要得出总共有多少种可能的组合。需要用到一种方法就是使用决策树(decision tree)，用代码实现

print "\tDog \tBun \tKetchup\tMustard\tOnions"
count = 1
for dog in [0, 1]:
    for bun in [0, 1]:
        for ketchup in [0, 1]:
            for mustard in [0, 1]:
                for onion in [0, 1]:
                    print "#", count, "\t",
                    print dog, "\t", bun, "\t", ketchup, "\t",
                    print mustard, "\t", onion
                    count = count + 1

运行结果

>>> 
	Dog 	Bun 	Ketchup	Mustard	Onions
# 1 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0
# 2 	0 	0 	0 	0 	1
# 3 	0 	0 	0 	1 	0
# 4 	0 	0 	0 	1 	1
# 5 	0 	0 	1 	0 	0
# 6 	0 	0 	1 	0 	1
# 7 	0 	0 	1 	1 	0
# 8 	0 	0 	1 	1 	1
# 9 	0 	1 	0 	0 	0
# 10 	0 	1 	0 	0 	1
# 11 	0 	1 	0 	1 	0
# 12 	0 	1 	0 	1 	1
# 13 	0 	1 	1 	0 	0
# 14 	0 	1 	1 	0 	1
# 15 	0 	1 	1 	1 	0
# 16 	0 	1 	1 	1 	1
# 17 	1 	0 	0 	0 	0
# 18 	1 	0 	0 	0 	1
# 19 	1 	0 	0 	1 	0
# 20 	1 	0 	0 	1 	1
# 21 	1 	0 	1 	0 	0
# 22 	1 	0 	1 	0 	1
# 23 	1 	0 	1 	1 	0
# 24 	1 	0 	1 	1 	1
# 25 	1 	1 	0 	0 	0
# 26 	1 	1 	0 	0 	1
# 27 	1 	1 	0 	1 	0
# 28 	1 	1 	0 	1 	1
# 29 	1 	1 	1 	0 	0
# 30 	1 	1 	1 	0 	1
# 31 	1 	1 	1 	1 	0
# 32 	1 	1 	1 	1 	1
>>> 

还可以把每样的卡路里值也跟在后面，

dog_cal = 140
bun_cal = 120
ket_cal = 80
mus_cal = 20
onion_cal = 40

print "\tDog \tBun \tKetchup\tMustard\tOnions\tCalories"
count = 1
for dog in [0, 1]:
    for bun in [0, 1]:
        for ketchup in [0, 1]:
            for mustard in [0, 1]:
                for onion in [0, 1]:
                    total_cal = (bun * bun_cal)+(dog * dog_cal) + \
                                 (ketchup * ket_cal)+(mustard * mus_cal) + \
                                 (onion * onion_cal)
                    print "#", count, "\t",
                    print dog, "\t", bun, "\t", ketchup, "\t",
                    print mustard, "\t", onion,
                    print "\t", total_cal
                    count = count + 1

运行结果

>>> 
	Dog 	Bun 	Ketchup	Mustard	Onions	Calories
# 1 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0
# 2 	0 	0 	0 	0 	1 	40
# 3 	0 	0 	0 	1 	0 	20
# 4 	0 	0 	0 	1 	1 	60
# 5 	0 	0 	1 	0 	0 	80
# 6 	0 	0 	1 	0 	1 	120
# 7 	0 	0 	1 	1 	0 	100
# 8 	0 	0 	1 	1 	1 	140
# 9 	0 	1 	0 	0 	0 	120
# 10 	0 	1 	0 	0 	1 	160
# 11 	0 	1 	0 	1 	0 	140
# 12 	0 	1 	0 	1 	1 	180
# 13 	0 	1 	1 	0 	0 	200
# 14 	0 	1 	1 	0 	1 	240
# 15 	0 	1 	1 	1 	0 	220
# 16 	0 	1 	1 	1 	1 	260
# 17 	1 	0 	0 	0 	0 	140
# 18 	1 	0 	0 	0 	1 	180
# 19 	1 	0 	0 	1 	0 	160
# 20 	1 	0 	0 	1 	1 	200
# 21 	1 	0 	1 	0 	0 	220
# 22 	1 	0 	1 	0 	1 	260
# 23 	1 	0 	1 	1 	0 	240
# 24 	1 	0 	1 	1 	1 	280
# 25 	1 	1 	0 	0 	0 	260
# 26 	1 	1 	0 	0 	1 	300
# 27 	1 	1 	0 	1 	0 	280
# 28 	1 	1 	0 	1 	1 	320
# 29 	1 	1 	1 	0 	0 	340
# 30 	1 	1 	1 	0 	1 	380
# 31 	1 	1 	1 	1 	0 	360
# 32 	1 	1 	1 	1 	1 	400
>>> 

里面用到了一些现在我们还没接触到的知识，没关系，接下来会一一来了解到的，很简单。我们用了制表符来对齐，也就是符号“\t”，还有个符号要注意，代码行末的反斜线“\”，表示这一行还没结束，下一行也是这一行的内容。

怎么样，这么枯燥的内容，编写一个程序来实现，是不是很有趣啊。