为了演示的需要,首先创建数据表suppliers,SQL语句如下:
CREATE TABLE suppliers
(
s_id int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
s_name char(50) NOT NULL,
s_city char(50) NULL,
s_zip char(10) NULL,
s_call CHAR(50) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (s_id)
) ;
插入需要演示的数据,SQL语句如下:
INSERT INTO suppliers(s_id, s_name,s_city, s_zip, s_call)
VALUES(101,'FastFruit Inc.','Tianjin','300000','48075'),
(102,'LT Supplies','Chongqing','400000','44333'),
(103,'ACME','Shanghai','200000','90046'),
(104,'FNK Inc.','Zhongshan','528437','11111'),
(105,'Good Set','Taiyuang','030000', '22222'),
(106,'Just Eat Ours','Beijing','010', '45678'),
(107,'DK Inc.','Zhengzhou','450000', '33332');
【例46】在fruits表和suppliers表之间使用内连接查询。
查询之前,查看两个表的结构:
DESC fruits;
DESC suppliers;
由结果可以看到,fruits表和suppliers表中都有相同数据类型的字段s_id,两个表通过s_id字段建立联系。接下来从fruits表中查询f_name、f_price字段,从suppliers表中查询s_id、s_name,SQL语句如下:
SELECT suppliers.s_id, s_name,f_name, f_price
FROM fruits ,suppliers
WHERE fruits.s_id = suppliers.s_id;
【例47】在fruits表和suppliers表之间,使用INNER JOIN语法进行内连接查询,SQL语句如下:
SELECT suppliers.s_id, s_name,f_name, f_price
FROM fruits INNER JOIN suppliers
ON fruits.s_id = suppliers.s_id;
【例48】查询供应f_id= ‘a1’的水果供应商提供的其他水果种类,SQL语句如下:
SELECT f1.f_id, f1.f_name
FROM fruits AS f1, fruits AS f2
WHERE f1.s_id = f2.s_id AND f2.f_id = 'a1';
1.LEFT JOIN左连接
左连接的结果包括LEFT OUTER子句中指定的左表的所有行,而不仅仅是连接列所匹配的行。如果左表的某行在右表中没有匹配行,则在相关联的结果行中,右表的所有选择列表列均为空值。
首先创建表orders,SQL语句如下:
CREATE TABLE orders
(
o_num int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
o_date datetime NOT NULL,
c_id int NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (o_num)
) ;
插入需要演示的数据,SQL语句如下:
INSERT INTO orders(o_num, o_date, c_id)
VALUES(30001, '2008-09-01', 10001),
(30002, '2008-09-12', 10003),
(30003, '2008-09-30', 10004),
(30004, '2008-10-03', 10005),
(30005, '2008-10-08', 10001);
【例49】在customers表和orders表中,查询所有客户,包括没有订单的客户,SQL语句如下:
SELECT customers.c_id, orders.o_num
FROM customers LEFT OUTER JOIN orders
ON customers.c_id = orders.c_id;
2.RIGHT JOIN右连接
右连接是左连接的反向连接,将返回右表的所有行。如果右表的某行在左表中没有匹配行,左表将返回空值。
【例50】在customers表和orders表中,查询所有订单,包括没有客户的订单,SQL语句如下:
SELECT customers.c_id, orders.o_num
FROM customers RIGHT OUTER JOIN orders
ON customers.c_id = orders.c_id;
【例51】在customers表和orders表中,使用INNER JOIN语法查询customers表中ID为10001的客户的订单信息,SQL语句如下:
SELECT customers.c_id, orders.o_num
FROM customers INNER JOIN orders
ON customers.c_id = orders.c_id AND customers.c_id = 10001;
【例52】在fruits表和suppliers表之间,使用INNER JOIN语法进行内连接查询,并对查询结果排序,SQL语句如下:
SELECT suppliers.s_id, s_name,f_name, f_price
FROM fruits INNER JOIN suppliers
ON fruits.s_id = suppliers.s_id
ORDER BY fruits.s_id;
带ANY、SOME关键字的子查询
ANY和SOME关键字是同义词,表示满足其中任一条件,它们允许创建一个表达式对子查询的返回值列表进行比较,只要满足内层子查询中的任何一个比较条件,就返回一个结果作为外层查询的条件。
下面定义两个表tb1和tb2:
CREATE table tbl1 ( num1 INT NOT NULL);
CREATE table tbl2 ( num2 INT NOT NULL);
分别向两个表中插入数据:
INSERT INTO tbl1 values(1), (5), (13), (27);
INSERT INTO tbl2 values(6), (14), (11), (20);
ANY关键字接在一个比较操作符的后面,表示若与子查询返回的任何值比较为TRUE,则返回TRUE。
【例53】返回tbl2表的所有num2列,然后将tbl1中的num1的值与之进行比较,只要大于num2的任何1个值,即为符合查询条件的结果。
SELECT num1 FROM tbl1
WHERE num1 > ANY (SELECT num2 FROM tbl2);
【例54】返回tbl1表中比tbl2表num2 列所有值都大的值,SQL语句如下:
SELECT num1 FROM tbl1
WHERE num1 > ALL (SELECT num2 FROM tbl2);
【例55】查询suppliers表中是否存在s_id=107的供应商,如果存在,则查询fruits表中的记录,SQL语句如下:
SELECT * FROM fruits
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT s_name FROM suppliers WHERE s_id = 107);
【例56】查询suppliers表中是否存在s_id=107的供应商,如果存在,则查询fruits表中的f_price大于10.20的记录,SQL语句如下:
SELECT * FROM fruits
WHERE f_price>10.20 AND EXISTS
(SELECT s_name FROM suppliers WHERE s_id = 107);
【例57】查询suppliers表中是否存在s_id=107的供应商,如果不存在则查询fruits表中的记录,SQL语句如下:
SELECT * FROM fruits
WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT s_name FROM suppliers WHERE s_id = 107);
【例58】在orderitems表中查询f_id为c0的订单号,并根据订单号查询具有订单号的客户c_id,SQL语句如下:
SELECT c_id FROM orders WHERE o_num IN
(SELECT o_num FROM orderitems WHERE f_id = 'c0');
SELECT o_num FROM orderitems WHERE f_id = 'c0';
可以看到,符合条件的o_num列的值有两个:30003和30005,然后执行外层查询,在orders表中查询订单号等于30003或30005的客户c_id。嵌套子查询语句还可以写为如下形式,实现相同的效果:
SELECT c_id FROM orders WHERE o_num IN (30003, 30005);
【例59】与前一个例子类似,但是在SELECT语句中使用NOT IN关键字,SQL语句如下:
SELECT c_id FROM orders WHERE o_num NOT IN
(SELECT o_num FROM orderitems WHERE f_id = 'c0');
SELECT * FROM orders;
【例60】在suppliers表中查询s_city等于“Tianjin”的供应商s_id,然后在fruits表中查询所有该供应商提供的水果的种类,SQL语句如下:
SELECT s_id, f_name FROM fruits
WHERE s_id =
(SELECT s1.s_id FROM suppliers AS s1 WHERE s1.s_city = 'Tianjin');
【例61】在suppliers表中查询s_city等于“Tianjin”的供应商s_id,然后在fruits表中查询所有非该供应商提供的水果的种类,SQL语句如下:
SELECT s_id, f_name FROM fruits
WHERE s_id <>
(SELECT s1.s_id FROM suppliers AS s1 WHERE s1.s_city = 'Tianjin');
【例62】查询所有价格小于9的水果的信息,查询s_id等于101和103所有的水果的信息,使用UNION连接查询结果,SQL语句如下:
SELECT s_id, f_name, f_price
FROM fruits
WHERE f_price < 9.0
UNION ALL
SELECT s_id, f_name, f_price
FROM fruits
WHERE s_id IN(101,103);
如前所述,UNION将多个SELECT语句的结果组合成一个结果集合。可以分开查看每个SELECT语句的结果:
SELECT s_id, f_name, f_price
FROM fruits
WHERE f_price < 9.0;
+------+-----------+---------+
| s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+-----------+---------+
| 101 | apple | 5.20 |
| 103 | apricot | 2.20 |
| 104 | berry | 7.60 |
| 107 | xxxx | 3.60 |
| 105 | melon | 8.20 |
| 101 | cherry | 3.20 |
| 104 | lemon | 6.40 |
| 105 | xbabay | 2.60 |
| 102 | grape | 5.30 |
| 107 | xbababa | 3.60 |
+------+-----------+---------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
SELECT s_id, f_name, f_price
FROM fruits
WHERE s_id IN(101,103);
+------+------------+---------+
| s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------------+---------+
| 101 | apple | 5.20 |
| 103 | apricot | 2.20 |
| 101 | blackberry| 10.20 |
| 101 | cherry | 3.20 |
| 103 | coconut | 9.20 |
+------+------------+---------+
【例63】查询所有价格小于9的水果的信息,查询s_id等于101和103的所有水果的信息,使用UNION ALL连接查询结果,SQL语句如下:
SELECT s_id, f_name, f_price
FROM fruits
WHERE f_price < 9.0
UNION ALL
SELECT s_id, f_name, f_price
FROM fruits
WHERE s_id IN(101,103);
【例64】为orders表取别名o,查询30001订单的下单日期,SQL语句如下:
SELECT * FROM orders AS o
WHERE o.o_num = 30001;
在这里orders AS o代码表示为orders表取别名为o,指定过滤条件时直接使用o代替orders,查询结果如下:
+-------+---------------------+-------+
| o_num | o_date | c_id |
+-------+---------------------+-------+
| 30001 | 2008-09-01 00:00:00 | 10001 |
+-------+---------------------+-------+
【例65】为customers和orders表分别取别名,并进行连接查询,SQL语句如下:
SELECT c.c_id, o.o_num
FROM customers AS c LEFT OUTER JOIN orders AS o
ON c.c_id = o.c_id;
+-------+-------+
| c_id | o_num |
+-------+-------+
| 10001 | 30001 |
| 10001 | 30005 |
| 10002 | NULL |
| 10003 | 30002 |
| 10004 | 30003 |
+-------+-------+
由结果看到,MySQL可以同时为多个表取别名,而且表别名可以放在不同的位置,如WHERE子句、SELECT列表、ON子句以及ORDER BY子句等。
在前面介绍内连接查询时指出自连接是一种特殊的内连接,在连接查询中的两个表都是同一个表,其查询语句如下:
SELECT f1.f_id, f1.f_name
FROM fruits AS f1, fruits AS f2
WHERE f1.s_id = f2.s_id AND f2.f_id = 'a1';
+------+------------+
| f_id | f_name |
+------+------------+
| a1 | apple |
| b1 | blackberry |
| c0 | cherry |
+------+------------+
【例66】查询fruits表,为f_name取别名fruit_name,f_price取别名fruit_price,为fruits表取别名f1,查询表中f_price < 8的水果的名称,SQL语句如下:
SELECT f1.f_name AS fruit_name, f1.f_price AS fruit_price
FROM fruits AS f1
WHERE f1.f_price < 8;
【例67】查询suppliers表中字段s_name和s_city,使用CONCAT函数连接这两个字段值,并取列别名为suppliers_title。
如果没有对连接后的值取别名,其显示列名称将会不够直观,SQL语句如下:
SELECT CONCAT(TRIM(s_name) , ' (', TRIM(s_city), ')')
FROM suppliers
ORDER BY s_name;
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| CONCAT(TRIM(s_name) , ' (', TRIM(s_city), ')') |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| ACME (Shanghai) |
| DK Inc. (Qingdao) |
| FastFruit Inc. (Tianjin) |
| FNK Inc. (Zhongshan) |
| Good Set (Taiyuan) |
| Just Eat Ours (Beijing) |
| LT Supplies (Chongqing) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
由结果可以看到,显示结果的列名称为SELECT子句后面的计算字段,实际上计算之后的列是没有名字的,这样的结果让人很不容易理解,如果为字段取一个别名,将会使结果清晰,SQL语句如下,
SELECT CONCAT(TRIM(s_name) , ' (', TRIM(s_city), ')')
AS suppliers_title
FROM suppliers
ORDER BY s_name;
+------------------------------+
| suppliers_title |
+------------------------------+
| ACME (Shanghai) |
| DK Inc. (Qingdao) |
| FastFruit Inc. (Tianjin) |
| FNK Inc. (Zhongshan) |
| Good Set (Taiyuan) |
| Just Eat Ours (Beijing) |
| LT Supplies (Chongqing)|
+------------------------------+
【例68】在fruits表中,查询f_name字段以字母’b’开头的记录,SQL语句如下:
SELECT * FROM fruits WHERE f_name REGEXP '^b';
+------+------+-----------------+------------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+-----------------+-------------+
| b1 | 101 | blackberry | 10.20 |
| b2 | 104 | berry | 7.60 |
| t1 | 102 | banana | 10.30 |
+------+----------+---------------+-----------+
fruits表中有3条记录的f_name字段值是以字母b开头,返回结果有3条记录。
【例69】在fruits表中,查询f_name字段以“be”开头的记录,SQL语句如下:
SELECT * FROM fruits WHERE f_name REGEXP '^be';
+------+------+--------+---------+
| f_id | s_id | f_name | f_price |
+------+------+--------+---------+
| b2 | 104 | berry | 7.60 |
+------+------+--------+---------+
只有berry是以“be”开头,所以查询结果中只有1条记录。
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