C++学习笔记（Day10 vector对象）

vector 对象

• 封装任何类型的动态数组，自动创建和删除。
• 数组下标越界检查。
• 例6-18中封装的ArrayOfPoints也提供了类似功能，但只适用于一种类型的数组。

vector 对象的定义

• vector 数组对象名(数组长度);
• 例： vector<int> arr(5) 建立大小为5的int数组

vector 对象的使用

• 对数组元素的引用
• 与普通数组具有相同形式： vector对象名 [ 下标表达式 ]
• vector数组对象名不表示数组首地址
• 获得数组长度
• 用size函数 数组对象名.size()

例 6-20 vector 应用举例

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

double average(const vector<double> &arr){
    double sum = 0;
    for(unsigned i = 0; i < arr.size();i++)
        sum += arr[i];
    return sum/arr.size();
}
int main(){
    unsigned n;
    cout << "n =  ";
    cin >> n;
    vector<double> arr(n);//创建数组对象
    cout << "Please input " << n << " real numbersL " << endl;
    for(unsigned i = 0;i<n;i++)
        cin >> arr[i];
    cout << "The average =" << average(arr) << endl;
    return 0;
}

 基于范围的for循环配合auto举例

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;


int main(){
    vector<int> v ={1,2,3};
    for(auto i = v.begin();i != v.end();++i)
        cout << *i << endl;
    for(auto e:v)
        cout << e << endl;
    return 0;
}

对象的复制与移动

浅层复制

•     实现对象间数据元素的一一对应复制。

深层复制

•     当被复制的对象数据成员是指针类型时，不是复制该指针成员本身，而是将指针所指对象进行复制。

//例 6-21 对象的浅层复制
#include <iostream>
#include <cassert>
using namespace std;
class Point {
public:
    Point() : x(0), y(0) {
        cout<<"Default Constructor called."<<endl;
    }
    Point(int x, int y) : x(x), y(y) {
        cout<< "Constructor called."<<endl;
    }
    ~Point() { cout<<"Destructor called."<<endl; }
    int getX() const { return x; }
    int getY() const { return y; }
    void move(int newX, int newY) {
        x = newX;
        y = newY;
    }
private:
    int x, y;
};
class ArrayOfPoints { //动态数组类
public:
    ArrayOfPoints(int size) : size(size) {
        points = new Point[size];
    }
    ~ArrayOfPoints() {
        cout << "Deleting..." << endl;
        delete[] points;
    }
    Point& element(int index) {
        assert(index >= 0 && index < size);
        return points[index];
    }
private:
    Point *points; //指向动态数组首地址
    int size; //数组大小
};
int main() {
    int count;
    cout << "Please enter the count of points: ";
    cin >> count;
    ArrayOfPoints pointsArray1(count); //创建对象数组
    pointsArray1.element(0).move(5,10);
    pointsArray1.element(1).move(15,20);

    ArrayOfPoints pointsArray2(pointsArray1); //创建副本

    cout << "Copy of pointsArray1:" << endl;
    cout << "Point_0 of array2: " << pointsArray2.element(0).getX() << ", "
         << pointsArray2.element(0).getY() << endl;
    cout << "Point_1 of array2: " << pointsArray2.element(1).getX() << ", "
         << pointsArray2.element(1).getY() << endl;
    pointsArray1.element(0).move(25, 30);
    pointsArray1.element(1).move(35, 40);

    cout<<"After the moving of pointsArray1:"<<endl;
    cout << "Point_0 of array2: " << pointsArray2.element(0).getX() << ", "
         << pointsArray2.element(0).getY() << endl;
    cout << "Point_1 of array2: " << pointsArray2.element(1).getX() << ", "
         << pointsArray2.element(1).getY() << endl;
    return 0;
}

例 6-22 对象的深层复制 
//例 6-21 对象的浅层复制
#include <iostream>
#include <cassert>
using namespace std;
class Point {
public:
    Point() : x(0), y(0) {
        cout<<"Default Constructor called."<<endl;
    }
    Point(int x, int y) : x(x), y(y) {
        cout<< "Constructor called."<<endl;
    }
    ~Point() { cout<<"Destructor called."<<endl; }
    int getX() const { return x; }
    int getY() const { return y; }
    void move(int newX, int newY) {
        x = newX;
        y = newY;
    }
private:
    int x, y;
};
class ArrayOfPoints { //动态数组类
public:
    ArrayOfPoints(const ArrayOfPoints& v){}
    ~ArrayOfPoints() {
        cout << "Deleting..." << endl;
        delete[] points;
    }
    Point& element(int index) {
        assert(index >= 0 && index < size);
        return points[index];
    }
private:
    Point *points; //指向动态数组首地址
    int size; //数组大小
};
ArrayOfPoints::ArrayOfPoints(const ArrayOfPoints& v)  {
    size = v.size;
    points = new Point[size];
    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
        points[i] = v.points[i];
}
int main() {
    int count;
    cout << "Please enter the count of points: ";
    cin >> count;
    ArrayOfPoints pointsArray1(count); //创建对象数组
    pointsArray1.element(0).move(5,10);
    pointsArray1.element(1).move(15,20);

    ArrayOfPoints pointsArray2(pointsArray1); //创建副本

    cout << "Copy of pointsArray1:" << endl;
    cout << "Point_0 of array2: " << pointsArray2.element(0).getX() << ", "
         << pointsArray2.element(0).getY() << endl;
    cout << "Point_1 of array2: " << pointsArray2.element(1).getX() << ", "
         << pointsArray2.element(1).getY() << endl;
    pointsArray1.element(0).move(25, 30);
    pointsArray1.element(1).move(35, 40);

    cout<<"After the moving of pointsArray1:"<<endl;
    cout << "Point_0 of array2: " << pointsArray2.element(0).getX() << ", "
         << pointsArray2.element(0).getY() << endl;
    cout << "Point_1 of array2: " << pointsArray2.element(1).getX() << ", "
         << pointsArray2.element(1).getY() << endl;
    return 0;
}

移动构造

class_name ( class_name && )

&&：右值引用

例：函数返回含有指针成员的对象（版本 1）

• 使用深层复制构造函数
• 返回时构造临时对象，动态分配将临时对象返回到主调函数，然后删除临时对象。

#include<iostream> 
using namespace std; 
class IntNum { 
public: 
 IntNum(int x = 0) : xptr(new int(x)){ //构造函数 
 cout << "Calling constructor..." << endl; 
 } 
 IntNum(const IntNum & n) : xptr(new int(*n.xptr)){//复制构造函数 
 cout << "Calling copy constructor..." << endl; 
 }; 
 ~IntNum(){ //析构函数 
 delete xptr; 
 cout << "Destructing..." << endl; 
 } 
 int getInt() { return *xptr; } 
private: 
 int *xptr; 
}; 
//返回值为IntNum类对象 
IntNum getNum() { 
 IntNum a; 
 return a; 
} 
int main() { 
 cout<<getNum().getInt()<<endl; 
 return 0; 
} 

例：函数返回含有指针成员的对象（版本 2）

• 使用移动构造函数
• 将要返回的局部对象转移到主调函数，省去了构造和删除临时对象的过程。

#include<iostream> 
using namespace std; 
class IntNum { 
public: 
 IntNum(int x = 0) : xptr(new int(x)){ //构造函数 
 cout << "Calling constructor..." << endl; 
 } 
 IntNum(const IntNum & n) : xptr(new int(*n.xptr)){//复制构造函数 
 cout << "Calling copy constructor..." << endl; 
 } 
IntNum(IntNum && n): xptr( n.xptr){ //移动构造函数 注：&&是右值引用 函数返回的临时变量是右值
 n.xptr = nullptr; 
 cout << "Calling move constructor..." << endl; 
 } 
 ~IntNum(){ //析构函数 
 delete xptr; 

 cout << "Destructing..." << endl; 
 } 
private: 
 int *xptr; 
}; 
//返回值为IntNum类对象 
IntNum getNum() { 
IntNum a; 
return a; 
} 
int main() { 
cout << getNum().getInt() << endl; return 0; 
}