来源:http://www.tuicool.com/articles/7RVFBj
python中,可以通过open()函数打开一个文件创建一个file类的对象来操作文件,也可以在打开文件创建file对象时指定文件打开的模式(如果没有指定打开模式,默认为r),来决定能对文件进行的操作。这里说的文件读写操作就是利用file类中提供的read、readline、readlines和write等方法来操作文件。
1、read和write
read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string. If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached. Notice that when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested may be returned, even if no size parameter was given. write(str) -> None. Write string str to file with no new lines. Note that due to buffering, flush() or close() may be needed before the file on disk reflects the data written.
read函数除非指定size,否则会默认读取文件的全部内容并返回。write函数会将一个str写入到文件当前写入内容的末尾(意思就是,f.write(str1), f.write(str2),str2会出现在str1的后面)。
2、打开模式
和其它编程语言类似,python中的文件打开模式也有三种:读模式('r')、写模式('w')和追加模式(‘a’)。读模式下打开的文件只能用来进行读操作;写模式下打开的文件能进行写操作,但是文件中原来的内容会被清空掉;追加模式下打开的文件能进行写操作,而且所有被写入的内容都会追加在原来文件的末尾。
2.1 写模式和追加模式
写模式和追加模式下打开的文件如果不存在,该文件会默认被创建,其内容为空。
(1) w mode: write to a file
$ cat file_w.py filename = "temp.txt" f = open(filename,"w") f.write("hello, world.\n") f.write("hi, python!\n") f.close() $ python file_w.py $ cat temp.txt hello, world. hi, python!(2) w mode: write to the same file again
$ cat file_w.py filename = "temp.txt" f = open(filename,"w") f.write("Be serious!\n") f.write("Not funny at all!\n") f.close() $ python file_w.py $ cat temp.txt Be serious! Not funny at all!可以看出,之前文件中的内容都被清空了。
(3) a mode: write to the same file
$ cat file_a.py filename = "temp.txt" f = open(filename,"a") f.write("hello, world.\n") f.write("hi, python!\n") f.close() $ python file_a.py $ cat temp.txt Be serious! Not funny at all! hello, world. hi, python!
可以发现append在了它的后面
2.2 读模式
对于读模式下打开的文件,可以进行读取操作。如果读取模式下打开一个不存在的文件,会报错(IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory)。
(1) read
像上文中说的read默认读取整个文件的内容并返回。
$ cat file_r.py filename = "temp.txt" f = open(filename,"r") print f.read() f.close() $ python file_r.py Be serious! Not funny at all! hello, world. hi, python!(2) readline
readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string. Retain newline. A non-negative size argument limits the maximum number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then).Return an empty string at EOF.读取文件的一行,保留换行符,到文件末尾返回空串。
$ cat file_readline.py filename = "temp.txt" f = open(filename,"r") line = f.readline() while line://最后的空行也会被打印出来 #readline will retain an enter, so add ',' at the end to remove the enter of print print line, line = f.readline()((3) readlines如果f.readline()返回一个空字符串,那就表示已经达到文件的末尾,而如果返回一个只包含一个换行符的字符串'\n',则表示遇到一个空行。
) f.close() $ cat temp.txt Be serious! Not funny at all! hello, world. hi, python! //这里有一个空行 $ python file_readline.py Be serious! Not funny at all! hello, world. hi, python! //这里最后也会打出空行
readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file.
Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read. The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the total number of bytes in the lines returned.
重复调用readline读取文件中的所有行到一个list。
$ cat file_readlines.py
filename = "temp.txt"
f = open(filename,"r")
lines = f.readlines()
for line in lines:
print line,
f.close()
$ cat temp.txt
Be serious!
Not funny at all!
hello, world.
hi, python!
//这里有一个空行
$ python file_readlines.py
Be serious!
Not funny at all!
hello, world.
hi, python!
//这里最后也会打出空行
好了,到这里就可以用python进行文件的基本操作了,后面有复杂的需求会进一步补充。^_^