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接上一节【shell学习|002】- 认识命令行终端
Linux 发行版通常不附带纸质的参考手册或者光盘。然而，它的在线文档一直是 Linux 的优势之一。
从操作系统的早期版本开始，就可以通过 man 和 info 实用程序访问 man（或手册）和 info 页面。
本节讨论了一些您可以在 Linux 上查找帮助信息的地方。
part1、获取帮助的基本方法
1、man命令：查看系统的man手册
下图是man man的结果：
具体可以参考这篇文章：man手册
2、apropos：搜索关键字
man apropos:
APROPOS(1) Manual pager utils APROPOS(1)
NAME
apropos - search the manual page names and descriptions
SYNOPSIS
apropos [-dalv?V] [-e|-w|-r] [-s list] [-m system[,...]] [-M path] [-L locale] [-C file] keyword ...
DESCRIPTION
Each manual page has a short description available within it. apropos searches the descriptions for instances
of keyword.
keyword is usually a regular expression, as if (-r) was used, or may contain wildcards (-w), or match the
exact keyword (-e). Using these options, it may be necessary to quote the keyword or escape (\) the special
characters to stop the shell from interpreting them.
The standard matching rules allow matches to be made against the page name and word boundaries in the descrip?
tion.
The database searched by apropos is updated by the mandb program. Depending on your installation, this may be
run by a periodic cron job, or may need to be run manually after new manual pages have been installed.
OPTIONS
-d, --debug
Print debugging information.
-v, --verbose
当您不知道执行特定任务所需的命令名称时，您可以使用带有关键字的 apropos 进行搜索。
此实用程序在所有手册页的简短描述行中搜索关键字，并显示包含匹配项的关键字。
man -k，提供与 apropos 相同的输出。
[shiqiu@theThree ~]$ apropos whoami
npm-whoami (1) - Display npm username
whoami (1) - print effective userid
[shiqiu@theThree ~]$
从man结果我们可以看到：aprops使用的数据库的更新是mandb命令，
需要注意的是如果系统版本是centos6或以下的版本的话更新的命令是makewhatis
3、whatis
whatis的结果和apropos类似，不过只能找到与实用程序名匹配的完整单词，可以看做是简化版的apropos；这么说可能比较抽象，下面对比两个命令结果看下：
(base) [root@theThree ~]# apropos who
Test2::Tools::Tiny (3pm) - Tiny set of tools for unfortunate souls who cannot use Test2::Suite.
at.allow (5) - determine who can submit jobs via at or batch
at.deny (5) - determine who can submit jobs via at or batch
btrfs-filesystem (8) - command group of btrfs that usually work on the whole filesystem
docker-trust-signer (1) - Manage entities who can sign Docker images
ipsec_newhostkey (8) - generate a new raw RSA authentication key for a host
ipsec_showhostkey (8) - show host's authentication key
npm-whoami (1) - Display npm username
w (1) - Show who is logged on and what they are doing.
who (1) - show who is logged on
who (1p) - display who is on the system
whoami (1) - print effective userid
(base) [root@theThree ~]#
(base) [root@theThree ~]#
(base) [root@theThree ~]# whatis who
who (1) - show who is logged on
who (1p) - display who is on the system
(base) [root@theThree ~]#
4、info：显示有关实用程序的信息
man info:
INFO(1) User Commands INFO(1)
NAME
info - read Info documents
SYNOPSIS
info [OPTION]... [MENU-ITEM...]
DESCRIPTION
Read documentation in Info format.
OPTIONS
-k, --apropos=STRING
look up STRING in all indices of all manuals.
-d, --directory=DIR
add DIR to INFOPATH.
--dribble=FILENAME
remember user keystrokes in FILENAME.
-f, --file=FILENAME
specify Info file to visit.
-h, --help
display this help and exit.
--index-search=STRING
go to node pointed by index entry STRING.
info info:
File: info.info, Node: Top, Next: Getting Started, Up: (dir)
Info: An Introduction
*********************
The GNU Project distributes most of its on-line manuals in the "Info
format", which you read using an "Info reader". You are probably using
an Info reader to read this now.
There are two primary Info readers: 'info', a stand-alone program
designed just to read Info files (*note What is Info?: (info-stnd)Top.),
and the 'info' package in GNU Emacs, a general-purpose editor. At
present, only the Emacs reader supports using a mouse.
If you are new to the Info reader and want to learn how to use it,
type the command 'h' now. It brings you to a programmed instruction
sequence.
To read about advanced Info commands, type 'n' twice. This brings
you to 'Advanced Info Commands', skipping over the 'Getting Started'
chapter.
This file describes how to use Info, the on-line, menu-driven GNU
documentation system.
Copyright (C) 1989, 1992, 1996-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
man 和info的不同：
info 实用程序比 man 显示关于 GNU 实用程序的更完整和最新的信息。
当手册页显示有关 info 涵盖的实用程序的缩写信息时，手册页指的是 info。
man 实用程序经常显示有关非 GNU 实用程序的唯一可用信息。
当 info 显示有关非 GNU 实用程序的信息时，它通常是手册页的副本。
5、命令的 - -help 参数
大多数 GNU 实用程序都提供了一个 ––help 选项，用于显示有关实用程序的信息。
非 GNU 实用程序可能会使用 –h 或 –help 选项来显示有关其自身的信息。
(base) [root@theThree ~]# man --help
Usage: man [OPTION...] [SECTION] PAGE...
-C, --config-file=FILE use this user configuration file
-d, --debug emit debugging messages
-D, --default reset all options to their default values
--warnings[=WARNINGS] enable warnings from groff
Main modes of operation:
-f, --whatis equivalent to whatis
-k, --apropos equivalent to apropos
-K, --global-apropos search for text in all pages
-l, --local-file interpret PAGE argument(s) as local filename(s)
-w, --where, --path, --location
print physical location of man page(s)
-W, --where-cat, --location-cat
print physical location of cat file(s)
-c, --catman used by catman to reformat out of date cat pages
-R, --recode=ENCODING output source page encoded in ENCODING
Finding manual pages:
-L, --locale=LOCALE define the locale for this particular man search
-m, --systems=SYSTEM use manual pages from other systems
-M, --manpath=PATH set search path for manual pages to PATH
-S, -s, --sections=LIST use colon separated section list
-e, --extension=EXTENSION limit search to extension type EXTENSION
-i, --ignore-case look for pages case-insensitively (default)
-I, --match-case look for pages case-sensitively
--regex show all pages matching regex
--wildcard show all pages matching wildcard
--names-only make --regex and --wildcard match page names only,
not descriptions
-a, --all find all matching manual pages
-u, --update force a cache consistency check
--no-subpages don't try subpages, e.g. 'man foo bar' => 'man
foo-bar'
Controlling formatted output:
-P, --pager=PAGER use program PAGER to display output
-r, --prompt=STRING provide the `less' pager with a prompt
-7, --ascii display ASCII translation of certain latin1 chars
-E, --encoding=ENCODING use selected output encoding
--no-hyphenation, --nh turn off hyphenation
--no-justification, --nj turn off justification
-p, --preprocessor=STRING STRING indicates which preprocessors to run:
e - [n]eqn, p - pic, t - tbl,
g - grap, r - refer, v - vgrind
-t, --troff use groff to format pages
-T, --troff-device[=DEVICE] use groff with selected device
-H, --html[=BROWSER] use elinks or BROWSER to display HTML output
-X, --gxditview[=RESOLUTION] use groff and display through gxditview
(X11):
-X = -TX75, -X100 = -TX100, -X100-12 = -TX100-12
-Z, --ditroff use groff and force it to produce ditroff
-?, --help give this help list
--usage give a short usage message
-V, --version print program version
Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
for any corresponding short options.
Report bugs to cjwatson@debian.org.
6、bash中的help命令
bash help 命令显示有关 bash 命令、控制结构和其他功能的信息。
在 bash 提示符下，提供命令帮助，后跟您感兴趣的关键字。 以下是一些示例：
(base) [root@theThree ~]# help help
help: help [-dms] [pattern ...]
Display information about builtin commands.
Displays brief summaries of builtin commands. If PATTERN is
specified, gives detailed help on all commands matching PATTERN,
otherwise the list of help topics is printed.
Options:
-d output short description for each topic
-m display usage in pseudo-manpage format
-s output only a short usage synopsis for each topic matching
PATTERN
Arguments:
PATTERN Pattern specifiying a help topic
Exit Status:
Returns success unless PATTERN is not found or an invalid option is given.
(base) [root@theThree ~]# help echo
echo: echo [-neE] [arg ...]
Write arguments to the standard output.
Display the ARGs on the standard output followed by a newline.
Options:
-n do not append a newline
-e enable interpretation of the following backslash escapes
-E explicitly suppress interpretation of backslash escapes
`echo' interprets the following backslash-escaped characters:
\a alert (bell)
\b backspace
\c suppress further output
\e escape character
\f form feed
\n new line
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\\ backslash
\0nnn the character whose ASCII code is NNN (octal). NNN can be
0 to 3 octal digits
\xHH the eight-bit character whose value is HH (hexadecimal). HH
can be one or two hex digits
Exit Status:
Returns success unless a write error occurs.
part2、获取帮助的其他途径（授人以渔）
7、获取本地帮助文档
linux本地帮助文档的路径在/usr/share/doc/中：
(base) [root@theThree ~]# ls /usr/share/doc/ |more
abattis-cantarell-fonts-0.0.25
abrt-2.1.11
abrt-dbus-2.1.11
accountsservice-0.6.45
acl-2.2.51
adcli
adcli-0.8.1
aic94xx-firmware-30
alsa-firmware-1.0.28
alsa-lib
alsa-lib-1.1.3
alsa-lib-devel-1.1.3
alsa-plugins-pulseaudio-1.1.1
alsa-tools-1.1.0
...
查看一下其中acl相关手册的信息：
(base) [root@theThree ~]# ll /usr/share/doc/acl-2.2.51
total 68
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 8296 Jun 10 2014 CHANGES.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 18311 Jun 10 2014 COPYING
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 26762 Jun 10 2014 COPYING.LGPL
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3208 Jun 10 2014 PORTING
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 410 Jun 10 2014 README
(base) [root@theThree ~]# cat /usr/share/doc/acl-2.2.51/README
Access control list package README
__________________________________
Package home: http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/acl
See the file doc/INSTALL for build, installation and post-
install configuration steps.
Refer to the acl(5) manual page for general access control list
information and references to other related manual pages.
For more information on the build process, please refer to
doc/PORTING.
(base) [root@theThree ~]#
8、网络资源：
在7中我们可以从acl的README文档中看到acl的首页，我们打开浏览器访问看下：
这个页面上应该有acl相关的最权威的信息了；
其他命令的相关文档都可以通过这个方式查看
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