【shell学习|001】- 开启shell学习之旅

此系列的参考书为：A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming；下载方式可以参考这篇文章

1、从终端登录

安装xhsell，在xshell中输入 ssh username@ip 回车；在提示框中输入密码

具体过程可以参考这篇文章：学习环境搭建

登录之后我们可以看到一些提示信息：

Last failed login: Fri Jun 11 17:15:01 CST 2021 from 10.3.123.90 on ssh:notty
There was 1 failed login attempt since the last successful login.
Last login: Fri Dec 25 16:37:19 2020
[shiqiu@theThree ~]$

这里说明下这些信息：

1. 第一行提示了上一次失败登录的时间、来源ip、以及登录方式；原因是我前一次登录时输错了密码
2. 第二行显示自从上一次成功登录至本次成功登录之间有多少次失败登录，如果这个数字异常，需要警惕是否有人曾尝试攻击我们的机器
3. 第三行显示最近一次（本次）成功登录的时间
4. 最后一行表示我们已经成功登录，我们后续所有操作都会在这个界面下执行

1.1、欢迎页面

在一些机器上我们可能在登录成功后会显示一些欢迎页面，这个页面信息存放在/etc/motd文件中；因为我们的/etc/motd文件是空的，所以没有显示其他信息，现在我们演示一下（注意需要root用户修改/etc/motd，普通用户没有权限）：

[shiqiu@theThree ~]$ cat /etc/motd  #已经用root修改过了
###############
# just a test #
###############
[shiqiu@theThree ~]$ 
[shiqiu@theThree ~]$ 
[shiqiu@theThree ~]$ 
[shiqiu@theThree ~]$ ssh localhost
The authenticity of host 'localhost (::1)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:pgO3DFA2wVyTsT9ubuJDiYw9XJS9z6fXZ5BHVdmBafo.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:ba:25:b1:1f:74:99:e0:43:95:d1:62:48:1e:92:8b:bc.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added 'localhost' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
shiqiu@localhost's password: 
Last login: Fri Jun 11 17:34:36 2021 from 10.3.123.90
###############
# just a test #
###############
[shiqiu@theThree ~]$ 
[shiqiu@theThree ~]$ 
[shiqiu@theThree ~]$ 
[shiqiu@theThree ~]$

1.2、命令提示符

观察命令提示符的格式,这个格式是由 shell中的变量$PS1决定的

[shiqiu@theThree ~]$ echo $PS1
[\u@\h \W]\$
[shiqiu@theThree ~]$

[ ] : 为固定符号

\u：当前用户

\h：本地主机名

$：如果当前用户的uid是0，则显示为#，否则为$

PS1的其他字符及含义如下：

\a     an ASCII bell character (07)
\d     the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26")
\D{format}
       the  format is passed to strftime(3) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an empty
       format results in a locale-specific time representation.  The braces are required
\e     an ASCII escape character (033)
\h     the hostname up to the first `.'
\H     the hostname
\j     the number of jobs currently managed by the shell
\l     the basename of the shell's terminal device name
\n     newline
\r     carriage return
\s     the name of the shell, the basename of $0 (the portion following the final slash)
\t     the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format
\T     the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format
\@     the current time in 12-hour am/pm format
\A     the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format
\u     the username of the current user
\v     the version of bash (e.g., 2.00)
\V     the release of bash, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0)
\w     the current working directory, with $HOME abbreviated with  a  tilde  (uses  the  value  of  the
       PROMPT_DIRTRIM variable)
\W     the basename of the current working directory, with $HOME abbreviated with a tilde
\!     the history number of this command
\#     the command number of this command
\$     if the effective UID is 0, a #, otherwise a $
\nnn   the character corresponding to the octal number nnn
\\     a backslash
\[     begin  a  sequence  of  non-printing characters, which could be used to embed a terminal control
       sequence into the prompt
\]     end a sequence of non-printing characters

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