python 3.7.0 心得

易错点

1. 使用列向量给ndarray类型的shape为(100,3)的数组的某一列赋值时，需要注意shape保持一致，不然容易出现ValueError: could not broadcast input array from shape (100,1) into shape (100)的报错

import numpy as np
a = np.zeros((100, 3))
b = np.zeros((100, 1)) + 3
a[:, 1] = b.reshape((-1, ))  # 注意a[:,1]的shape为(100,)

注意a[:,1]的shape是(100,)，而不是(100,1)

不要自己造轮子

比方说MSE损失函数，自己写是下边这个样子：

np.sum(np.square(y_pred - y_true))/n  # 其中n是维数

再看看sklearn.metrics.regression里边的是这个样子：

def mean_squared_error(y_true, y_pred,
                       sample_weight=None,
                       multioutput='uniform_average'):
    """Mean squared error regression loss

    Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <mean_squared_error>`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    y_true : array-like of shape = (n_samples) or (n_samples, n_outputs)
        Ground truth (correct) target values.

    y_pred : array-like of shape = (n_samples) or (n_samples, n_outputs)
        Estimated target values.

    sample_weight : array-like of shape = (n_samples), optional
        Sample weights.

    multioutput : string in ['raw_values', 'uniform_average']
        or array-like of shape (n_outputs)
        Defines aggregating of multiple output values.
        Array-like value defines weights used to average errors.

        'raw_values' :
            Returns a full set of errors in case of multioutput input.

        'uniform_average' :
            Errors of all outputs are averaged with uniform weight.

    Returns
    -------
    loss : float or ndarray of floats
        A non-negative floating point value (the best value is 0.0), or an
        array of floating point values, one for each individual target.
    """
    y_type, y_true, y_pred, multioutput = _check_reg_targets(
        y_true, y_pred, multioutput)
    check_consistent_length(y_true, y_pred, sample_weight)
    output_errors = np.average((y_true - y_pred) ** 2, axis=0,
                               weights=sample_weight)
    if isinstance(multioutput, str):
        if multioutput == 'raw_values':
            return output_errors
        elif multioutput == 'uniform_average':
            # pass None as weights to np.average: uniform mean
            multioutput = None

    return np.average(output_errors, weights=multioutput)

看出来差距了吗？各种检查，人家考虑的真的很周到啊。