JDK源码解析-java.lang.String

1.String实现接口

public final class String
    implements java.io.Serializable, Comparable<String>, CharSequence {....}

• 序列化接口

    private static final ObjectStreamField[] serialPersistentFields =
        new ObjectStreamField[0];

• Comparable接口（主要是compareTo方法）
• 字符序列接口

private static final long serialVersionUID = -6849794470754667710L;//序列化标识id

2.value

private final char value[];

从这可以看出字符串是常量（constant）不可变的，底层是由char数组构成

3.hash

private int hash; // Default to 0
public int hashCode() {//s[0]*31^(n-1) + s[1]*31^(n-2) + ... + s[n-1]
    int h = hash;
    if (h == 0 && value.length > 0) {
        char val[] = value;

        for (int i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
            h = 31 * h + val[i];
        }
        hash = h;
    }
    return h;
}

hash值的具体计算方式

4.构造方法

• 无参（不使用）

    public String() {
        this.value = "".value;
    }

• 传入String类型参数

    public String(String original) {
        this.value = original.value;
        this.hash = original.hash;
    }

• 传入char数组

    public String(char value[]) {
        this.value = Arrays.copyOf(value, value.length);
    }
    //Arrays.copyOf方法
    public static char[] copyOf(char[] original, int newLength) {
        char[] copy = new char[newLength];
        System.arraycopy(original, 0, copy, 0,
                         Math.min(original.length, newLength));
        return copy;
    }

• 传入char数组，有长度限制

    public String(char value[], int offset, int count) {
        if (offset < 0) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
        }
        if (count <= 0) {
            if (count < 0) {
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(count);
            }
            if (offset <= value.length) {
                this.value = "".value;
                return;
            }
        }
        // Note: offset or count might be near -1>>>1.
        if (offset > value.length - count) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset + count);
        }
        this.value = Arrays.copyOfRange(value, offset, offset+count);
    }

在源码注释有这句话：Note: offset or count might be near -1>>>1.
首先我们得知道 >> 这个是带符号右移, >>> 这个是无符号右移

-1的二进复制反码表示为 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111
-1>>1的结制果是 ： 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111
-1>>>1的结果是 01111111 11111111 11111111 11111111

无符号右移后前面补0，而带符号右移是补符号位，也就 是第一位，负数补1，正数补0
为了防止数字超出int类型的最大值（也就是 -1>>>1），if判断条件中使用 offset > value.length - count 而不是 offset +count >value.length

• 传入codePoints（代码点是指与一个编码表中的某个字符对应的代码值,eg：扩充字符）

    public String(int[] codePoints, int offset, int count) {
        if (offset < 0) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
        }
        if (count <= 0) {
            if (count < 0) {
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(count);
            }
            if (offset <= codePoints.length) {
                this.value = "".value;
                return;
            }
        }
        // Note: offset or count might be near -1>>>1.
        if (offset > codePoints.length - count) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset + count);
        }

        final int end = offset + count;

        // Pass 1: Compute precise size of char[]
        int n = count;
        for (int i = offset; i < end; i++) {
            int c = codePoints[i];
            if (Character.isBmpCodePoint(c))//校验是否是bmp中字符
                continue;
            else if (Character.isValidCodePoint(c))//校验是否代表有效值
                n++;
            else throw new IllegalArgumentException(Integer.toString(c));
        }

        // Pass 2: Allocate and fill in char[]
        final char[] v = new char[n];

        for (int i = offset, j = 0; i < end; i++, j++) {
            int c = codePoints[i];
            if (Character.isBmpCodePoint(c))
                v[j] = (char)c;
            else
                Character.toSurrogates(c, v, j++);
        }

        this.value = v;
    }

…

• StringBuffer和StringBuilder作为参数

    public String(StringBuffer buffer) {
        synchronized(buffer) {
            this.value = Arrays.copyOf(buffer.getValue(), buffer.length());
        }
    }
    
	public String(StringBuilder builder) {
        this.value = Arrays.copyOf(builder.getValue(), builder.length());
    }

从构造方法中也可以看出StringBuffer和StringBuilder的部分区别，它们都是由字符缓冲区构成的（底层char数组没有用final关键字修饰），一个线程安全（append和其他方法由synchronized修饰）一个线程不安全 具体看这，墙裂推荐

5.checkBounds

    private static void checkBounds(byte[] bytes, int offset, int length) {
        if (length < 0)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(length);
        if (offset < 0)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
        if (offset > bytes.length - length)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset + length);
    }

私有方法，校验是否越界

6.length

    public int length() {
        return value.length;
    }

7.isEmpty

    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return value.length == 0;
    }

8.charAt

    public char charAt(int index) {
        if ((index < 0) || (index >= value.length)) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
        }
        return value[index];
    }

9.codePoint

//返回代码点位置
    public int codePointAt(int index) {
        if ((index < 0) || (index >= value.length)) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
        }
        return Character.codePointAtImpl(value, index, value.length);
    }
//返回代码点之前的位置    
	public int codePointBefore(int index) {
        int i = index - 1;
        if ((i < 0) || (i >= value.length)) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
        }
        return Character.codePointBeforeImpl(value, index, 0);
    }
//返回所有代码点数量
	public int codePointCount(int beginIndex, int endIndex) {
        if (beginIndex < 0 || endIndex > value.length || beginIndex > endIndex) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
        }
        return Character.codePointCountImpl(value, beginIndex, endIndex - beginIndex);
    }
//返回指定偏移量代码点处的索引
	public int offsetByCodePoints(int index, int codePointOffset) {
        if (index < 0 || index > value.length) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
        }
        return Character.offsetByCodePointsImpl(value, 0, value.length,
                index, codePointOffset);
    }

10.getChars

    void getChars(char dst[], int dstBegin) {
        System.arraycopy(value, 0, dst, dstBegin, value.length);
    }
    
	public void getChars(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, char dst[], int dstBegin) {
        if (srcBegin < 0) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcBegin);
        }
        if (srcEnd > value.length) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd);
        }
        if (srcBegin > srcEnd) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd - srcBegin);
        }
        System.arraycopy(value, srcBegin, dst, dstBegin, srcEnd - srcBegin);
    }

11.getBytes

    @Deprecated
    public void getBytes(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, byte dst[], int dstBegin) {
        if (srcBegin < 0) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcBegin);
        }
        if (srcEnd > value.length) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd);
        }
        if (srcBegin > srcEnd) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd - srcBegin);
        }
        Objects.requireNonNull(dst);

        int j = dstBegin;
        int n = srcEnd;
        int i = srcBegin;
        char[] val = value;   /* avoid getfield opcode */

        while (i < n) {
            dst[j++] = (byte)val[i++];
        }
    }
    
	public byte[] getBytes(String charsetName)
            throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        if (charsetName == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        return StringCoding.encode(charsetName, value, 0, value.length);
    }
    
    public byte[] getBytes(Charset charset) {
        if (charset == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        return StringCoding.encode(charset, value, 0, value.length);
    }
    
    public byte[] getBytes() {
        return StringCoding.encode(value, 0, value.length);
    }

注释有句话：avoid getfield opcode ：避免getfield操作，避免的就是“获取指定类的实例域，并将其值压入栈顶”的操作，将value值重新赋值给一个char数组，只有1次getfield操作，而对传入参数进行操作，可能会执行很多次getfield操作。在一个方法中需要大量引用实例域变量的时候，使用方法中的局部变量代替引用可以减少getfield操作的次数，提高性能

12.equals

    public boolean equals(Object anObject) {
        if (this == anObject) {
            return true;
        }
        if (anObject instanceof String) {
            String anotherString = (String)anObject;
            int n = value.length;
            if (n == anotherString.value.length) {
                char v1[] = value;
                char v2[] = anotherString.value;
                int i = 0;
                while (n-- != 0) {
                    if (v1[i] != v2[i])
                        return false;
                    i++;
                }
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

先直接比较地址，如果相同返回true；再判断参数是否为String类型，对每个字符进行比较

13.compareTo

    public static final Comparator<String> CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER
                                         = new CaseInsensitiveComparator();
    private static class CaseInsensitiveComparator
            implements Comparator<String>, java.io.Serializable {
        // use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.2.2 for interoperability
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 8575799808933029326L;

        public int compare(String s1, String s2) {
            int n1 = s1.length();
            int n2 = s2.length();
            int min = Math.min(n1, n2);
            for (int i = 0; i < min; i++) {
                char c1 = s1.charAt(i);
                char c2 = s2.charAt(i);
                if (c1 != c2) {
                    c1 = Character.toUpperCase(c1);
                    c2 = Character.toUpperCase(c2);
                    if (c1 != c2) {
                        c1 = Character.toLowerCase(c1);
                        c2 = Character.toLowerCase(c2);
                        if (c1 != c2) {
                            // No overflow because of numeric promotion
                            return c1 - c2;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            return n1 - n2;
        }

        /** Replaces the de-serialized object. */
        private Object readResolve() { return CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER; }
    }
  public int compareToIgnoreCase(String str) {
        return CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER.compare(this, str);
  }
  
  public int compareTo(String anotherString) {
        int len1 = value.length;
        int len2 = anotherString.value.length;
        int lim = Math.min(len1, len2);
        char v1[] = value;
        char v2[] = anotherString.value;

        int k = 0;
        while (k < lim) {
            char c1 = v1[k];
            char c2 = v2[k];
            if (c1 != c2) {
                return c1 - c2;
            }
            k++;
        }
        return len1 - len2;
  }

忽略大小写比较，返回值为 比较对象的长度差值 or 具体字符的unicode差值 or 0（equals=true）

14.contentEquals

    private boolean nonSyncContentEquals(AbstractStringBuilder sb) {
        char v1[] = value;
        char v2[] = sb.getValue();
        int n = v1.length;
        if (n != sb.length()) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            if (v1[i] != v2[i]) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
    
    public boolean contentEquals(StringBuffer sb) {
        return contentEquals((CharSequence)sb);
    }
    
    public boolean contentEquals(CharSequence cs) {
        // Argument is a StringBuffer, StringBuilder
        if (cs instanceof AbstractStringBuilder) {
            if (cs instanceof StringBuffer) {
                synchronized(cs) {
                   return nonSyncContentEquals((AbstractStringBuilder)cs);
                }
            } else {
                return nonSyncContentEquals((AbstractStringBuilder)cs);
            }
        }
        // Argument is a String
        if (cs instanceof String) {
            return equals(cs);
        }
        // Argument is a generic CharSequence
        char v1[] = value;
        int n = v1.length;
        if (n != cs.length()) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            if (v1[i] != cs.charAt(i)) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

对内容进行比较，对传入参数进行分类，传入参数为StringBuffer则使用synchronized方法，对String调用equals方法，对普通字符序列CharSequence则对每个字符进行比较

15.regionMatches

    public boolean regionMatches(int toffset, String other, int ooffset,
            int len) {
        char ta[] = value;
        int to = toffset;
        char pa[] = other.value;
        int po = ooffset;
        // Note: toffset, ooffset, or len might be near -1>>>1.
        if ((ooffset < 0) || (toffset < 0)
                || (toffset > (long)value.length - len)
                || (ooffset > (long)other.value.length - len)) {
            return false;
        }
        while (len-- > 0) {
            if (ta[to++] != pa[po++]) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
    
 public boolean regionMatches(boolean ignoreCase, int toffset,
            String other, int ooffset, int len) {
        char ta[] = value;
        int to = toffset;
        char pa[] = other.value;
        int po = ooffset;
        // Note: toffset, ooffset, or len might be near -1>>>1.
        if ((ooffset < 0) || (toffset < 0)
                || (toffset > (long)value.length - len)
                || (ooffset > (long)other.value.length - len)) {
            return false;
        }
        while (len-- > 0) {
            char c1 = ta[to++];
            char c2 = pa[po++];
            if (c1 == c2) {
                continue;
            }
            if (ignoreCase) {
                // If characters don't match but case may be ignored,
                // try converting both characters to uppercase.
                // If the results match, then the comparison scan should
                // continue.
                char u1 = Character.toUpperCase(c1);
                char u2 = Character.toUpperCase(c2);
                if (u1 == u2) {
                    continue;
                }
                // Unfortunately, conversion to uppercase does not work properly
                // for the Georgian alphabet, which has strange rules about case
                // conversion.  So we need to make one last check before
                // exiting.
                if (Character.toLowerCase(u1) == Character.toLowerCase(u2)) {
                    continue;
                }
            }
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

一种不忽略大小写，另一种忽略大小写（Georgian特殊字符，在代码最后进行检查）

16.startsWith和endsWith

    public boolean startsWith(String prefix, int toffset) {
        char ta[] = value;
        int to = toffset;
        char pa[] = prefix.value;
        int po = 0;
        int pc = prefix.value.length;
        // Note: toffset might be near -1>>>1.
        if ((toffset < 0) || (toffset > value.length - pc)) {
            return false;
        }
        while (--pc >= 0) {
            if (ta[to++] != pa[po++]) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
    
    public boolean startsWith(String prefix) {
        return startsWith(prefix, 0);
    }
    
    public boolean endsWith(String suffix) {
        return startsWith(suffix, value.length - suffix.value.length);
    }
    

• startsWith 先对长度进行检查，再对字符一一比较
• endsWith 将 startsWith 中 toffset 参数改为 value.length - suffix.value.length

17indexOf 和 lastIndexOf

    private int indexOfSupplementary(int ch, int fromIndex) {
        if (Character.isValidCodePoint(ch)) {
            final char[] value = this.value;
            final char hi = Character.highSurrogate(ch);
            final char lo = Character.lowSurrogate(ch);
            final int max = value.length - 1;
            for (int i = fromIndex; i < max; i++) {
                if (value[i] == hi && value[i + 1] == lo) {
                    return i;
                }
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }
    
    public int indexOf(int ch) {
        return indexOf(ch, 0);
    }
    
    public int indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) {
        final int max = value.length;
        if (fromIndex < 0) {
            fromIndex = 0;
        } else if (fromIndex >= max) {
            // Note: fromIndex might be near -1>>>1.
            return -1;
        }

        if (ch < Character.MIN_SUPPLEMENTARY_CODE_POINT) {
            // handle most cases here (ch is a BMP code point or a
            // negative value (invalid code point))
            final char[] value = this.value;
            for (int i = fromIndex; i < max; i++) {
                if (value[i] == ch) {
                    return i;
                }
            }
            return -1;
        } else {
            return indexOfSupplementary(ch, fromIndex);
        }
    }
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    private int lastIndexOfSupplementary(int ch, int fromIndex) {
        if (Character.isValidCodePoint(ch)) {
            final char[] value = this.value;
            char hi = Character.highSurrogate(ch);
            char lo = Character.lowSurrogate(ch);
            int i = Math.min(fromIndex, value.length - 2);
            for (; i >= 0; i--) {
                if (value[i] == hi && value[i + 1] == lo) {
                    return i;
                }
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }
    
    public int lastIndexOf(int ch) {
        return lastIndexOf(ch, value.length - 1);
    }
    
    public int lastIndexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) {
        if (ch < Character.MIN_SUPPLEMENTARY_CODE_POINT) {
            // handle most cases here (ch is a BMP code point or a
            // negative value (invalid code point))
            final char[] value = this.value;
            int i = Math.min(fromIndex, value.length - 1);
            for (; i >= 0; i--) {
                if (value[i] == ch) {
                    return i;
                }
            }
            return -1;
        } else {
            return lastIndexOfSupplementary(ch, fromIndex);
        }
    }
    
    public int indexOf(String str) {
        return indexOf(str, 0);
    }
    
    public int indexOf(String str, int fromIndex) {
        return indexOf(value, 0, value.length,
                str.value, 0, str.value.length, fromIndex);
    }
    
    //------------------------------------------------------------------------
    static int indexOf(char[] source, int sourceOffset, int sourceCount,
            String target, int fromIndex) {
        return indexOf(source, sourceOffset, sourceCount,
                       target.value, 0, target.value.length,
                       fromIndex);
    }
    
    static int indexOf(char[] source, int sourceOffset, int sourceCount,
            char[] target, int targetOffset, int targetCount,
            int fromIndex) {
        if (fromIndex >= sourceCount) {
            return (targetCount == 0 ? sourceCount : -1);
        }
        if (fromIndex < 0) {
            fromIndex = 0;
        }
        if (targetCount == 0) {
            return fromIndex;
        }

        char first = target[targetOffset];
        int max = sourceOffset + (sourceCount - targetCount);

        for (int i = sourceOffset + fromIndex; i <= max; i++) {
            /* Look for first character. */
            if (source[i] != first) {
                while (++i <= max && source[i] != first);
            }

            /* Found first character, now look at the rest of v2 */
            if (i <= max) {
                int j = i + 1;
                int end = j + targetCount - 1;
                for (int k = targetOffset + 1; j < end && source[j]
                        == target[k]; j++, k++);

                if (j == end) {
                    /* Found whole string. */
                    return i - sourceOffset;
                }
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }
    
    //------------------------------------------------------------------
    public int lastIndexOf(String str) {
        return lastIndexOf(str, value.length);
    }
    
    public int lastIndexOf(String str, int fromIndex) {
        return lastIndexOf(value, 0, value.length,
                str.value, 0, str.value.length, fromIndex);
    }
    
    static int lastIndexOf(char[] source, int sourceOffset, int sourceCount,
            String target, int fromIndex) {
        return lastIndexOf(source, sourceOffset, sourceCount,
                       target.value, 0, target.value.length,
                       fromIndex);
    }
    
    static int lastIndexOf(char[] source, int sourceOffset, int sourceCount,
            char[] target, int targetOffset, int targetCount,
            int fromIndex) {
        /*
         * Check arguments; return immediately where possible. For
         * consistency, don't check for null str.
         */
        int rightIndex = sourceCount - targetCount;
        if (fromIndex < 0) {
            return -1;
        }
        if (fromIndex > rightIndex) {
            fromIndex = rightIndex;
        }
        /* Empty string always matches. */
        if (targetCount == 0) {
            return fromIndex;
        }

        int strLastIndex = targetOffset + targetCount - 1;
        char strLastChar = target[strLastIndex];
        int min = sourceOffset + targetCount - 1;
        int i = min + fromIndex;

    startSearchForLastChar:
        while (true) {
            while (i >= min && source[i] != strLastChar) {
                i--;
            }
            if (i < min) {
                return -1;
            }
            int j = i - 1;
            int start = j - (targetCount - 1);
            int k = strLastIndex - 1;

            while (j > start) {
                if (source[j--] != target[k--]) {
                    i--;
                    continue startSearchForLastChar;
                }
            }
            return start - sourceOffset + 1;
        }
    }

• indexOfSupplementary和lastIndexOfSupplementary方法是为了处理补充字符
• IndexOf思想：先找到第一个匹配的字符，再进行字段匹配（for (int k = targetOffset + 1; j < end && source[j]== target[k]; j++, k++); ）,匹配完成整个字符串返回索引i - sourceOffset否则返回-1
• lastIndexOf思想：从尾部开始查找， 计算子串的最后一个字符，存入变量strLastChar中；计算源字符串查找的终点索引，存入变量min；计算源字符串的查找起点索引，存入变量i；进入第一个while循环：while (i >= min && source[i] != strLastChar) { i–; } 在源字符串找到和子串最后一个字符相等的字符，把他的索引存入变量i（从尾部开始查找）。再对各个字符从后到前一一比较，返回索引start - sourceOffset + 1

18.substring

    public String substring(int beginIndex) {
        if (beginIndex < 0) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(beginIndex);
        }
        int subLen = value.length - beginIndex;
        if (subLen < 0) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(subLen);
        }
        return (beginIndex == 0) ? this : new String(value, beginIndex, subLen);
    }
    
    public String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex) {
        if (beginIndex < 0) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(beginIndex);
        }
        if (endIndex > value.length) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(endIndex);
        }
        int subLen = endIndex - beginIndex;
        if (subLen < 0) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(subLen);
        }
        return ((beginIndex == 0) && (endIndex == value.length)) ? this
                : new String(value, beginIndex, subLen);
    }
    
    public CharSequence subSequence(int beginIndex, int endIndex) {
        return this.substring(beginIndex, endIndex);
    }

重新new一个对象返回

19.concat

    public String concat(String str) {
        int otherLen = str.length();
        if (otherLen == 0) {
            return this;
        }
        int len = value.length;
        char buf[] = Arrays.copyOf(value, len + otherLen);
        str.getChars(buf, len);
        return new String(buf, true);
    }

调用一次该方法new一个新对象，效率比stringbuilder低

20.replace

  public String replace(char oldChar, char newChar) {
        if (oldChar != newChar) {
            int len = value.length;
            int i = -1;
            char[] val = value; /* avoid getfield opcode */

            while (++i < len) {
                if (val[i] == oldChar) {
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (i < len) {
                char buf[] = new char[len];
                for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
                    buf[j] = val[j];
                }
                while (i < len) {
                    char c = val[i];
                    buf[i] = (c == oldChar) ? newChar : c;
                    i++;
                }
                return new String(buf, true);
            }
        }
        return this;
    }
    
    public String replaceFirst(String regex, String replacement) {
        return Pattern.compile(regex).matcher(this).replaceFirst(replacement);
    }
    
    public String replaceAll(String regex, String replacement) {
        return Pattern.compile(regex).matcher(this).replaceAll(replacement);
    }
    
    public String replace(CharSequence target, CharSequence replacement) {
        return Pattern.compile(target.toString(), Pattern.LITERAL).matcher(
                this).replaceAll(Matcher.quoteReplacement(replacement.toString()));
    }
    

• replace(char oldChar, char newChar)方法中，先将value值赋给char数组（ avoid getfield opcode），找到第一个匹配的字符，重新new char[len]，将匹配字符之前的值赋给char，再在后面字符中比较，赋值，最后调用new String（buf, true）方法返回
• 调用工具类Pattern，没仔细研究 //TODO

21.split

 public String[] split(String regex, int limit) {
        /* fastpath if the regex is a
         (1)one-char String and this character is not one of the
            RegEx's meta characters ".$|()[{^?*+\\", or
         (2)two-char String and the first char is the backslash and
            the second is not the ascii digit or ascii letter.
         */
        char ch = 0;
        if (((regex.value.length == 1 &&
             ".$|()[{^?*+\\".indexOf(ch = regex.charAt(0)) == -1) ||
             (regex.length() == 2 &&
              regex.charAt(0) == '\\' &&
              (((ch = regex.charAt(1))-'0')|('9'-ch)) < 0 &&
              ((ch-'a')|('z'-ch)) < 0 &&
              ((ch-'A')|('Z'-ch)) < 0)) &&
            (ch < Character.MIN_HIGH_SURROGATE ||
             ch > Character.MAX_LOW_SURROGATE))
        {
            int off = 0;
            int next = 0;
            boolean limited = limit > 0;
            ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
            while ((next = indexOf(ch, off)) != -1) {
                if (!limited || list.size() < limit - 1) {
                    list.add(substring(off, next));
                    off = next + 1;
                } else {    // last one
                    //assert (list.size() == limit - 1);
                    list.add(substring(off, value.length));
                    off = value.length;
                    break;
                }
            }
            // If no match was found, return this
            if (off == 0)
                return new String[]{this};

            // Add remaining segment
            if (!limited || list.size() < limit)
                list.add(substring(off, value.length));

            // Construct result
            int resultSize = list.size();
            if (limit == 0) {
                while (resultSize > 0 && list.get(resultSize - 1).length() == 0) {
                    resultSize--;
                }
            }
            String[] result = new String[resultSize];
            return list.subList(0, resultSize).toArray(result);
        }
        return Pattern.compile(regex).split(this, limit);
    }
    
    public String[] split(String regex) {
        return split(regex, 0);
    }

• limit参数用于控制切分次数：如果为负值或0，次数由待切分字符串以及regex而定；如果为正数，切分次数为limit次，即，该字符已经切分成了limit个，不管后面还有没有匹配的regex，都不在继续进行切分了，将切分成limit份的数组返回
• (
  (regex.value.length == 1 &&".$|()[{^?*+\".indexOf(ch = regex.charAt(0)) == -1)
  ||
  (regex.length() == 2 && regex.charAt(0) == ‘\’ && (((ch = regex.charAt(1))-‘0’)|(‘9’-ch)) < 0 && ((ch-‘a’)|(‘z’-ch)) < 0 && ((ch-‘A’)|(‘Z’-ch)) < 0)
  )
  &&
  (ch < Character.MIN_HIGH_SURROGATE || ch > Character.MAX_LOW_SURROGATE)
  判断条件这样分开是不是清晰了很多？regex为单个字符时并且不等于双引号中某个特殊字符 OR regex为双字节时第一个字节为转义字符，第二个字节数值不为0-9，a-z，A-Z中字符 AND regex在可支持字符范围内
• 一步一步比较判断，切分字符串添加到数组中
• 将length为0的字符串排除，返回新的数组

22.join

    public static String join(CharSequence delimiter, CharSequence... elements) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(delimiter);
        Objects.requireNonNull(elements);
        // Number of elements not likely worth Arrays.stream overhead.
        StringJoiner joiner = new StringJoiner(delimiter);
        for (CharSequence cs: elements) {
            joiner.add(cs);//append
        }
        return joiner.toString();
    }
    
    public static String join(CharSequence delimiter,
            Iterable<? extends CharSequence> elements) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(delimiter);
        Objects.requireNonNull(elements);
        StringJoiner joiner = new StringJoiner(delimiter);
        for (CharSequence cs: elements) {
            joiner.add(cs);
        }
        return joiner.toString();
    }

StringJoiner就是封装的StringBuilder，只不过StringJoiner前后会append ("")，有前缀和后缀，add方法就是append方法

23.trim

    public String trim() {
        int len = value.length;
        int st = 0;
        char[] val = value;    /* avoid getfield opcode */

        while ((st < len) && (val[st] <= ' ')) {
            st++;
        }
        while ((st < len) && (val[len - 1] <= ' ')) {
            len--;
        }
        return ((st > 0) || (len < value.length)) ? substring(st, len) : this;
    }

前后判空，切割

24.toString

    /**
     * This object (which is already a string!) is itself returned.
     *
     * @return  the string itself.
     */
    public String toString() {
        return this;
    }

注释说明一切

25.toCharArray

    public char[] toCharArray() {
        // Cannot use Arrays.copyOf because of class initialization order issues
        char result[] = new char[value.length];
        System.arraycopy(value, 0, result, 0, value.length);
        return result;
    }

注释中：Cannot use Arrays.copyOf because of class initialization order issues 这是因为当String.class被加载进内存的时候,Arrays此时没有被加载，所以直接使用肯定会抛异常。而System.arrayCopy是使用native代码，则不会有这个问题。

26.format

    public static String format(String format, Object... args) {
        return new Formatter().format(format, args).toString();
    }
    
    public static String format(Locale l, String format, Object... args) {
        return new Formatter(l).format(format, args).toString();
    }

用于字符串替换，具体解析

27.valueOf和copyValueOf

    public static String valueOf(Object obj) {
        return (obj == null) ? "null" : obj.toString();
    }
    
    public static String valueOf(char data[]) {
        return new String(data);
    }
    
    public static String valueOf(char data[], int offset, int count) {
        return new String(data, offset, count);
    }
    
    public static String copyValueOf(char data[], int offset, int count) {
        return new String(data, offset, count);
    }
    
    public static String copyValueOf(char data[]) {
        return new String(data);
    }
    
    public static String valueOf(boolean b) {
        return b ? "true" : "false";
    }
    
    public static String valueOf(char c) {
        char data[] = {c};
        return new String(data, true);
    }
    
    public static String valueOf(int i) {
        return Integer.toString(i);
    }
    
    public static String valueOf(long l) {
        return Long.toString(l);
    }
    
    public static String valueOf(float f) {
        return Float.toString(f);
    }
    
    public static String valueOf(double d) {
        return Double.toString(d);
    }
    

二者没区别，直接调就完事了

28.intern

public native String intern();

将字符串入池

• String a= “test”：此语句含义是：在常量池中创建test字符串对象，变量a是对常量池中此对象的引用
• String aa = new String(“test”)：此语句含义是：如果常量池中没有test字符串对象，会在常量池中创建，并且还会在堆中创建一个test对象，变量aa是对堆中此对象的引用
• String aaa= aa.intern() ：此语句的含义是：如果常量池中有test字符串对象（判断条件是equal方法返回true），就直接返回常量池中该对象引用给aaa；如果没有，就会在常量池中创建test，再返回常量池中该对象的引用给aaa
• new 关键字，不管常量池中有没有相同的对象，都会在堆中创建一个新对象。

补充：
栈区 存 引用和基本类型，不能存对象，而堆区存对象。==是比较地址，equals()比较对象内容。

(1) String str1 = “abcd"的实现过程：首先栈区创建str引用，然后在String池（独立于栈和堆而存在，存储不可变量）中寻找其指向的内容为"abcd"的对象，如果String池中没有，则创建一个，然后str指向String池中的对象，如果有，则直接将str1指向"abcd”"；如果后来又定义了字符串变量 str2 = “abcd”,则直接将str2引用指向String池中已经存在的“abcd”，不再重新创建对象；当str1进行了赋值（str1=“abc”），则str1将不再指向"abcd"，而是重新指String池中的"abc"，此时如果定义String str3 = “abc”,进行str1 == str3操作，返回值为true，因为他们的值一样，地址一样，但是如果内容为"abc"的str1进行了字符串的+连接str1 = str1+“d”；此时str1指向的是在堆中新建的内容为"abcd"的对象，即此时进行str1==str2，返回值false，因为地址不一样。

(2) String str3 = new String(“abcd”)的实现过程：直接在堆中创建对象。如果后来又有String str4 = new String(“abcd”)，str4不会指向之前的对象，而是重新创建一个对象并指向它，所以如果此时进行str3==str4返回值是false，因为两个对象的地址不一样，如果是str3.equals(str4)，返回true,因为内容相同。

参考资料：
https://www.iteye.com/blog/542255641-2185004
https://www.cnblogs.com/springmorning/p/10232635.html
https://www.cnblogs.com/wskb/p/10970787.html
https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_33943836/article/details/92380533
https://blog.csdn.net/gaopu12345/article/details/52084218
https://www.iteye.com/blog/qurey-1998681
http://www.hackerav.com/?post=25743
https://www.iteye.com/blog/542255641-2185004