锁
在java多线程中,我们知道使用synchronized关键字来实现线程间的同步互斥操作,那么其实还有一个更优秀的机制去完成“同步互斥”工作,它就是Lock对象,即重入锁和读写锁。他们具有比synchronized更为强大的功能,并且具有嗅探锁定、多路分支等功能。
ReentrantLock(重入锁)
- 概念:
在需要进行同步的代码部分加上锁定,但最后一定要释放锁,不然会造成锁用于无法释放,其他线程永远进不来的结果。
public class UseReentrantLock {
final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
public void method1(){
try {
lock.lock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入method1...");
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "退出method1...");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally{
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void method2(){
try {
lock.lock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入method2...");
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "退出method2...");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally{
lock.unlock();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final UseReentrantLock url = new UseReentrantLock();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable(){
@Override
public void run() {
url.method1();
url.method2();
}
},"t1");
t1.start();
}
}
/*
打印结果:
t1进入method1...
t1退出method1...
t1进入method2...
t1退出method2...
*/
锁与等待/通知
我们在使用synchronized的时候,如果需要多线程间进行协作工作则需要Object的wait()和notify()、notifyAll方法配合使用。同样,我们在使用Lock的时候,可以使用一个新的等待/通知的类Condition,这个Condition一定是针对具体的某一把锁,也就是在只有锁的基础之上才会产生Condition。
public class UseCondition {
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
private Condition condition = lock.newCondition();
public void method1(){
try {
lock.lock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入等待状态...method1...");
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "释放锁...");
condition.await(); //await 释放锁
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "继续执行...method1...");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally{
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void method2(){
try {
lock.lock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入method2...");
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "发出唤醒...");
condition.signal(); //notify 不释放锁
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "不释放锁...");
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "执行完毕...method2...");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally{
lock.unlock();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
final UseCondition uc = new UseCondition();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable(){
@Override
public void run() {
uc.method1();
}
},"t1");
Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable(){
@Override
public void run() {
uc.method2();
}
},"t2");
t1.start();
Thread.sleep(1000);
t2.start();
}
}
/*
打印结果:
t1释放锁...
t2进入method2...
t2发出唤醒...
t2不释放锁...
t2执行完毕...method2...
t1继续执行...method1...
*/
多个Condition
可以通过一个Lock对象产生多个Condition进行线程间的交互,非常的灵活。可以使得部分需要唤醒的线程唤醒,其他的线程则继续等待通知。
public class UseManyCondition {
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
private Condition c1 = lock.newCondition();
private Condition c2 = lock.newCondition();
public void method1(){
try {
lock.lock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入method1...");
Thread.sleep(1000);
c1.await();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "退出method1...");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally{
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void method2(){
try {
lock.lock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入method2...");
Thread.sleep(1000);
c1.await();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "退出method2...");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally{
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void method3(){
try {
lock.lock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入method3...");
Thread.sleep(1000);
c2.await();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "退出method3...");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally{
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void method4(){
try {
lock.lock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入method4...");
c1.signalAll();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "c1释放锁...");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally{
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void method5(){
try {
lock.lock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入method5...");
c2.signal();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "c2释放锁...");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally{
lock.unlock();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
final UseManyCondition umc = new UseManyCondition();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable(){
@Override
public void run() {
umc.method1();
}},"t1");
Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable(){
@Override
public void run() {
umc.method2();
}},"t2");
Thread t3 = new Thread(new Runnable(){
@Override
public void run() {
umc.method3();
}},"t3");
Thread t4 = new Thread(new Runnable(){
@Override
public void run() {
umc.method4();
}},"t4");
Thread t5 = new Thread(new Runnable(){
@Override
public void run() {
umc.method5();
}},"t5");
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
Thread.sleep(1000);
t4.start();
t5.start();
}
}
/*
打印结果:
t1进入method1...
t3进入method3...
t2进入method2...
t4进入method4...
t4c1释放锁...
t5进入method5...
t5c2释放锁...
t1退出method1...
t2退出method2...
t3退出method3...
*/
Lock/Condition其他用法
公平锁和非公平锁:ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock(boolean isFair),lock用法:
- lock.tryLock():
尝试获得锁,获得结果用true/false返回。 - lock.tryLock(paramLong, paramTimeUnit):
在给定的时间内尝试获得锁,获得结果用true/false返回。 - lock.isFair():
是否公平锁。 - lock.isLocked():
是否锁定。 - lock.getHoldCount():
查询当前线程保持此锁的个数,也就是调用lock()次数。 - lock.lockInterruptibly():
优先响应中断的锁。 - lock.getQueueLength():
返回正在等待获取此锁的线程数。 - lock.getWaitQueueLength(Condition paramCondition):
返回等待与锁定相关的给定条件Condition的线程数。 - lock.hasQueuedThread(Thread paramThread):
查询指定的线程是否正在等待此锁。 - lock.hasQueuedThreads():
查询是否有线程正在等待此锁。 - lock.hasWaiters(Condition paramCondition):
查询是否有线程正在等待与此锁定有关的condition条件。
ReentrantReadWriteLock(读写锁)
读写锁,其核心就是实现读写分离。在高并发访问下,尤其是读多写少的情况下,性能要员高于重入锁。对于synchronized、ReentrantLock,我们知道,同一时间内,只能有一个线程进行访问被锁定的代码。读写锁则不同,其本质是分成两个锁,即读锁和写锁。在读锁下,多个线程可以并发的进行访问,但是在写锁的时候,只能一个一个顺序访问,即读读共享,写写互斥,读写互斥。
public class UseReentrantReadWriteLock {
private ReentrantReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
private ReadLock readLock = lock.readLock();
private WriteLock writeLock = lock.writeLock();
public void read(){
try {
readLock.lock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入read...");
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "退出read...");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally{
readLock.unlock();
}
}
public void write(){
try {
writeLock.lock();
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入write...");
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "退出write...");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally{
writeLock.unlock();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final UseReentrantReadWriteLock urrwl = new UseReentrantReadWriteLock();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable(){
@Override
public void run() {
urrwl.read();
}},"t1");
Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable(){
@Override
public void run() {
urrwl.read();
}},"t2");
Thread t3 = new Thread(new Runnable(){
@Override
public void run() {
urrwl.write();
}},"t3");
Thread t4 = new Thread(new Runnable(){
@Override
public void run() {
urrwl.write();
}},"t4");
//读读共享
t1.start();
t2.start();
//读写互斥
t1.start();
t3.start();
//写写互斥
t3.start();
t4.start();
}
}
/*
打印结果:
t1进入read...
t2进入read...
t2退出read...
t1退出read...
t3进入write...
t3退出write...
* */
锁优化
- 避免死锁。
- 减小锁持有时间。
- 减小锁的粒度。
- 锁的分离。
- 尽量使用无锁的操作,如原子操作(Atomic系列类),volatile关键字。