6 Functions and an Introduction to Recursion

目录：

1、maximum function with a function prototype.

2、Shifted, scaled integers produced by 1 + rand() % 6.

3、Demonstrating srand (随机种子)

4、Random Number （优点）

5、Inline Functions

6、References and Reference Parameters

7、Using default arguments

8、Unary scope resolution operator. 引用全局变量

9、function overloading, 参数类型不同

10、Templates 模板

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1、maximum function with a function prototype.

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int maximum(int x, int y, int z);

int maximum(int x, int y, int z) {
   int maximumValue{x};
   if (y > maximumValue) {
       maximumValue = y;
   }

   if (z > maximumValue) {
       maximumValue = z;
   }

   return maximumValue;
}

int main() {
   cout << "Enter three integer values:" ;
   int int1, int2, int3;
   cin >> int1 >> int2 >> int3;
   cout << "The maximum integer value is: " << maximum(int1, int2, int3) << endl;
}

Enter three integer values:86 67 75
The maximum integer value is: 86

2、Shifted, scaled integers produced by 1 + rand() % 6.

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;

int main() {

   for(unsigned int i{1}; i <= 20; ++i) {
       cout << setw(10) << (1 + rand() % 6);
       if (i % 5 == 0){
           cout << endl;
       }
   }

}
//2         2         6         3         5
//3         1         3         6         2
//1         6         1         3         4
//6         2         2         5         5

3、Demonstrating srand (随机种子)

//The program produces a different sequence of random numbers each time it executes, provided that the user enters a different seed. We used the same seed in the first and third sample outputs, so the same series of 10 numbers is displayed in each of those outputs

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstdlib>

using namespace std;


int main() {
   unsigned int seed{0};
   cout << "please enter the seed: ";
   cin >> seed;
   for (unsigned i{1}; i <= 10; ++i) {
       cout << setw(10) << (1 + rand() % 6);
       if (i % 5 == 0) {
           cout << endl;
       }
   }

}
//please enter the seed: 10
//2         2         6         3         5
//3         1         3         6         2
//please enter the seed: 2
//2         2         6         3         5
//3         1         3         6         2
//please enter the seed: 10
//2         2         6         3         5
//3         1         3         6         2

4、Random Number （优点）

// C++11 provides a more secure library of random-number capabilities that can produce nondeterministic random numbers—a set of random numbers that can’t be predicted.
// use the default random-number generation enginedefault_random_engine—and a uniform_int_distribution,
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <random>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;

int main() {
   // default random-number generation engine to produce uniformly distributed pseudorandom int value
   default_random_engine engine{static_cast<unsigned int>(time(0))};
   uniform_int_distribution<unsigned int> randomInt{1, 10};

   for (unsigned int counter{1}; counter <= 10; ++counter) {
       cout << setw(10) << randomInt(engine);

       if (counter % 5 ==0 ) {
           cout << endl;
       }

   }

}
//3         5         8         5         2
//6         2         3         6         3

5、Inline Functions

// Placing the qualifier inline before a function’s return type in the function definition advises the compiler to generate a copy of the function’s body code in every place where the function is called (when appropriate) to avoid a function call.
// inline function that calculates the volume of a cube.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

inline double cube(const double side) {
   return side * side * side;
}

int main() {
   double sideValue;
   cout << "Enter the side length of your cube: ";
   cin >> sideValue;
   cout << "Volumne of cube with side " << sideValue << " is " << cube(sideValue) << endl;
}

Enter the side length of your cube: 3.5
Volumne of cube with side 3.5 is 42.875

6、References and Reference Parameters

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;


int main() {

   int squareByValue(int);
   void squareByReference(int&);

   int num1;
   cout << "input by_value num: ";
   cin >> num1;
   cout << "by value res = " << squareByValue(num1) << endl;

   int num2;
   cout << "input by_reference num: ";
   cin >> num2;
   squareByReference(num2);
   cout << "after reference res = " << num2;

}

inline int squareByValue(int number) {
   return number *= number;
}

inline void squareByReference(int& numberRef) {
   numberRef *= numberRef;
}

//input by_value num: 3
//by value res = 9
//input by_reference num: 5
//after reference res = 25

7、Using default arguments

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
unsigned int boxVolume(unsigned int length = 1, unsigned int width = 1, unsigned int height = 1);

unsigned int boxVolume(unsigned int length, unsigned int width, unsigned int height) {
   return length * width * height;
}

int main() {

// no arguments--use default values for all dimensions cout << "The default box volume is: " << boxVolume();

// specify length; default width and height
cout << "\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n" << "width 1 and height 1 is: " << boxVolume(10) ;

// specify length and width; default height
cout << "\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n" << "width 5 and height 1 is: " << boxVolume(10, 5);

// specify all arguments

cout << "\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n"
   << "width 5 and height 2 is: " << boxVolume(10, 5, 2) << endl;

}

//The volume of a box with length 10,
//width 1 and height 1 is: 10
//
//The volume of a box with length 10,
//width 5 and height 1 is: 50
//
//The volume of a box with length 10,
//width 5 and height 2 is: 100

8、Unary scope resolution operator. 引用全局变量

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int number{7};
int main() {
   double number{10.5};
   cout << "local double value of number = " << number << "\nGobal int value of number = " << ::number << endl;
}

//local double value of number = 10.5
//Gobal int value of number = 7

9、function overloading, 参数类型不同

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int square(int x) {
   cout << "square of integer " << x << " is ";
   return x * x;
}

double square(double y) {
   cout << "square of double " << y << " is ";
   return y * y;

}


int main() {
   cout << square(7);
   cout << endl;
   cout << square(7.5);
   cout << endl;
}

//square of integer 7 is 49
//square of double 7.5 is 56.25

10、Templates 模板

#include <iostream>
#include "maximum.h"
using namespace std;

int main() {
   cout << "Input three integer values: ";
   int int1, int2, int3;
   cin >> int1 >> int2 >> int3;
   cout << "The maximum integer value is :" << maximum(int1, int2, int3);

   cout << "\n\nInput three double values: ";
   double double1, double2, double3;
   cin >> double1 >> double2 >> double3;
   cout << "The maximum double value is: " << maximum(double1, double2, double3);

   cout << "\n\nInput three characters: ";
   char char1, char2, char3;
   cin >> char1 >> char2 >> char3;
   cout << "The maximum character value is: " << maximum(char1, char2, char3) << endl;
}

//Input three integer values: 1 2 3
//The maximum integer value is :3
//
//Input three double values: 1.2 3.2 1.1
//The maximum double value is: 3.2
//
//Input three characters: A C B
//The maximum character value is: C