ConcurrentModificationException

问题代码：

public static void main(String[] args) {
    List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
    list.add("a");
    list.add("b");
    list.add("c");
    list.add("d");

    Iterator<String> iterator = list.iterator();
    while (iterator.hasNext()) {
        if (iterator.next().equals("c")) {
            // list.remove("c");// 报错：ConcurrentModificationException
            iterator.remove();// 可以运行
        }
    }
}

ArrayList的remove()源码：

/**
 * 按下标删除
 */
public E remove(int index) {
    rangeCheck(index);

    modCount++;// 修改次数加1！！！
    E oldValue = elementData(index);

    int numMoved = size - index - 1;
    if (numMoved > 0)
        System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
                         numMoved);
    elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work

    return oldValue;
}

/**
 * 按元素删除
 */
public boolean remove(Object o) {
    if (o == null) {
        for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
            if (elementData[index] == null) {
                fastRemove(index);
                return true;
            }
    } else {
        for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
            if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
                fastRemove(index);
                return true;
            }
    }
    return false;
}

private void fastRemove(int index) {
    modCount++;// 修改次数加1！！！
    int numMoved = size - index - 1;
    if (numMoved > 0)
        System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
                         numMoved);
    elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
}

ArrayList的Iterator源码：

public Iterator<E> iterator() {
    return new Itr();
}

private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
    int cursor;       // index of next element to return
    int lastRet = -1; // index of last element returned; -1 if no such
    int expectedModCount = modCount;

    public boolean hasNext() {
        return cursor != size;
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public E next() {
        checkForComodification();// 检查modCount和expectedModCount是否相等
        int i = cursor;
        if (i >= size)
            throw new NoSuchElementException();
        Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
        if (i >= elementData.length)
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        cursor = i + 1;
        return (E) elementData[lastRet = i];
    }

    public void remove() {
        if (lastRet < 0)
            throw new IllegalStateException();
        checkForComodification();// iterator的remove每次都会比较modCount和expectedModCount，若不等，则抛异常

        try {
            ArrayList.this.remove(lastRet);// 执行ArrayList的remove
            cursor = lastRet;
            lastRet = -1;
            expectedModCount = modCount;// 同步modCount和expectedModCount，故iterator的remove不会抛异常
        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
    }

    @Override
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> consumer) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(consumer);
        final int size = ArrayList.this.size;
        int i = cursor;
        if (i >= size) {
            return;
        }
        final Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
        if (i >= elementData.length) {
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
        while (i != size && modCount == expectedModCount) {
            consumer.accept((E) elementData[i++]);
        }
        // update once at end of iteration to reduce heap write traffic
        cursor = i;
        lastRet = i - 1;
        checkForComodification();
    }

    final void checkForComodification() {
        if (modCount != expectedModCount)
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
    }
}

由源码可以看出：
ArrayList的remove修改modCount，但未同步Iterator的expectedModCount，所以执行iterator.next()的checkForComodification()时，抛出异常；而Iterator的remove，其实也是执行ArrayList的remove，但是每次都会同步expectedModCount，所以不会抛出异常。