8、多表查询

MySQL多表查询的方法主要有以下几种：
    1、多表链接查询
        （1）笛卡尔积
        （2）内链接 inner join
        （3）外链接之左链接 left join
        （4）外链接之右链接 right join
        （5）全外链接
    2、符合条件链接查询
    3、子查询

先准备两张表：部门表（department)、员工表（employee)

# 部门表
create table department(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20) not null
    );
 
# 员工表
create table employee(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20) not null,
    sex enum('male', 'female') not null default 'male',
    age int not null,
    dep_id int not null
    );
 
# 插入数据
insert into department values
(200, "技术"),
(201, "人力资源"),
(202, "销售"),
(203, "运营")
;
 
insert into employee(name, sex, age, dep_id) values
('egon', 'male', 18, 200),
('alex', 'female', 48, 201),
('wupeiqi', 'male', 38, 201),
('yuanhao', 'female', 28, 202),
('nvshen', 'male', 18, 200),
('xiaomage', 'female', 18, 204)
;
 
# 注意：
department表中id=203的部门在employee中没有对应的员工
employee表中id=6的员工在department表中没有对应的部门

1、内链接 inner join

只链接匹配的行，department没有204这个部门，因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来

select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name 
from employee inner join department 
on employee.dep_id = department.id;

上面的查询结果等同于下面：

select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name 
from employee,department 
where employee.dep_id=department.id;

2、外链接之左连接left join

优先显示左表全部记录，本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加左边有，右边没有的结果

select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name
from employee left join department
on employee.dep_id = department.id;

3、外链接之右链接right join

优先显示右表全部记录，本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加右边有，左边没有的结果

select employee.id,employee.name, department.name as depart_name 
from employee right join department
on employee.dep_id = department.id;

4、全外链接

显示左右两个表全部记录，外连接：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果

mysql> select * from employee left join department 
       -> on employee.dep_id = department.id 
       -> union all
       -> select * from employee right join department 
       -> on employee.dep_id = department.id;

或者：

mysql> select * from employee left join department 
    -> on employee.dep_id = department.id
    -> union
    -> select * from employee right join department
    -> on employee.dep_id = department.id;

注意 union与union all的区别：union会去掉相同的纪录

5、符合条件链接查询

示例1:以内链接的方式查询：找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所属的部门

mysql> select employee.name,employee.age,department.name
    -> from employee inner join department
    -> on employee.dep_id = department.id
    -> where age > 25;

示例2:以内链接的方式查询：以age字段的升序方式显示

mysql> select employee.name,employee.age,department.name
    -> from employee inner join department
    -> on employee.dep_id = department.id
    -> order by age asc;    # 升序排序

6、子查询

子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中

内层查询语句的查询结果，可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件

子查询中可以包含：in、not in、any、all、exists、not exists 等关键字

还可以包含比较运算符：=、 !=、>、< 等

示例1:带in关键字的子查询

# 查询平均年龄在25以上的部门名
select id,name from department
    where id in
        (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);
 
# 查看技术部员工姓名
select id,name from employee
    where dep_id in
        (select id from department where name="技术");
 
# 查无人的部门名
select name from department
    where id not in
        (select dep_id from employee);

示例2:带比较运算符的子查询

# 比较运算符：=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
# 查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄
select name,age from employee 
    where age > (select avg(age) from employee);
 
# 查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄
思路：
  (1)先对员工表(employee)中的人员分组(group by)，查询出dep_id以及平均年龄。
  (2)将查出的结果作为临时表,再根据临时表的dep_id和employee的dep_id作为筛选条件将employee表和临时表进行内连接。
 (3)最后再将employee员工的年龄是大于平均年龄的员工名字和年龄筛选。
 
select t1.name,t1.age from employee as t1
    inner join
    (select dep_id,avg(age) as avg_age from employee group by dep_id) as t2
    on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id
    where t1.age > t2.avg_age;

示例3:带exists关键字的子查询

# exists关键字表示存在。在使用exists关键字时，内层查询语句不返回查询记录。而是返回一个真假值：True 或 False
# 当返回True时，外层查询语句将进行查询；当返回值为False时，外层查询语句不进行查询
 
# exists为True时：
mysql> select * from employee where exists (select id from department where id=200);

# exists为False时：
mysql> select * from employee where exists (select id from department where id=204);