案例1:在蛋糕店下单买蛋糕,可以选择不同口味的蛋糕。比如奶油蛋糕,巧克力蛋糕。
1. 传统方式
public abstract class Cake {
public static final String CREAM_CAKE = "cream";
public static final String CHOCOLATE_CAKE = "choc";
private String name;
public abstract void ready();
public void make() {
System.out.println(name + " 正在制作~~");
}
public void bake() {
System.out.println(name + " 正在烘培~~");
}
public void pack() {
System.out.println(name + " 正在打包~~");
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
public class ChocolateCake extends Cake{
@Override
public void ready() {
System.out.println("准备制作巧克力蛋糕的材料~~");
}
}
public class CreamCake extends Cake{
@Override
public void ready() {
System.out.println("准备制作奶油蛋糕的材料~~");
}
}
public class CakeOrder {
public CakeOrder () {
Cake cake = null;
do {
String cakeType = getCakeType();
if (cakeType.equals(Cake.CREAM_CAKE)) {
cake = new CreamCake();
cake.setName("奶油蛋糕");
} else if (cakeType.equals(Cake.CHOCOLATE_CAKE)) {
cake = new ChocolateCake();
cake.setName("巧克力蛋糕");
} else {
System.out.println("输入的蛋糕类型不存在,下单失败!");
break;
}
System.out.println("下单成功!");
cake.ready();
cake.make();
cake.bake();
cake.pack();
System.out.println("骑手正在派送!");
} while (true);
}
private String getCakeType() {
System.out.println("请输入蛋糕类型:");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
return sc.next();
}
}
public class CakeStore {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new CakeOrder();//传统的实现方式
}
}
说明:
- 传统的方式代码实现简单,但是扩展性差,如果新增其他口味的蛋糕,代码改动很大。
- 缺点是违反了设计模式的 ocp 原则,即对扩展开放,对修改关闭。即当我们给类增加新功能的时候,尽量不修改代码,或者尽可能少修改代码。
2. 工厂模式
2.1 简单工厂模式
简介:
- 简单工厂模式是属于创建型模式,是工厂模式的一种。简单工厂模式是由一个工厂对象决定创建出哪一种产品类的实例。简单工厂模式是工厂模式家族中最简单实用的模式
- 简单工厂模式:定义了一个创建对象的类,由这个类来封装实例化对象的行为(代码)
- 在软件开发中,当我们会用到大量的创建某种、某类或者某批对象时,就会使用到工厂模式。
public abstract class Cake {
public static final String CREAM_CAKE = "cream";
public static final String CHOCOLATE_CAKE = "choc";
private String name;
public abstract void ready();
public void make() {
System.out.println(name + " 正在制作~~");
}
public void bake() {
System.out.println(name + " 正在烘培~~");
}
public void pack() {
System.out.println(name + " 正在打包~~");
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
public class ChocolateCake extends Cake{
@Override
public void ready() {
System.out.println("准备制作巧克力蛋糕的材料~~");
}
}
public class CreamCake extends Cake{
@Override
public void ready() {
System.out.println("准备制作奶油蛋糕的材料~~");
}
}
//简单工厂模式工厂类
public class SimpleFactory {
//也可以将该方法直接写成静态方法
public Cake createCake(String cakeType) {
Cake cake = null;
if (cakeType.equals(Cake.CREAM_CAKE)) {
cake = new CreamCake();
cake.setName("奶油蛋糕");
} else if (cakeType.equals(Cake.CHOCOLATE_CAKE)) {
cake = new ChocolateCake();
cake.setName("巧克力蛋糕");
} else {
System.out.println("输入的蛋糕类型不存在。");
}
return cake;
}
}
public class CakeOrderBySimple {
private SimpleFactory sf;
public CakeOrderBySimple(SimpleFactory sf) {
this.sf = sf;
createOrder();
}
private void createOrder() {
Cake cake = null;
do {
String cakeType = getCakeType();
cake = sf.createCake(cakeType);
if (cake != null) {
System.out.println("下单成功!");
cake.ready();
cake.make();
cake.bake();
cake.pack();
System.out.println("骑手正在派送!");
} else {
System.out.println("下单失败!");
break;
}
} while (true);
}
private String getCakeType() {
System.out.println("请输入蛋糕类型:");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
return sc.next();
}
}
public class CakeStoreBySimple {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new CakeOrderBySimple(new SimpleFactory());//简单工厂模式
}
}
案例2:在蛋糕店下单买蛋糕,可以在不同地域的蛋糕店,选择不同口味的蛋糕。比如在北京买奶油蛋糕,巧克力蛋糕,也可以在南京买奶油蛋糕,巧克力蛋糕。
2.2 工厂方法模式
简介:
定义了一个创建对象的抽象方法,由子类决定要实例化的类。工厂方法模式将对象的实例化推迟到子类。
将蛋糕项目的实例化功能抽象成抽象方法,在不同的口味子类中具体实现。
public abstract class Cake {
public static final String CREAM_CAKE = "cream";
public static final String CHOCOLATE_CAKE = "choc";
private String name;
public abstract void ready();
public void make() {
System.out.println(name + " 正在制作~~");
}
public void bake() {
System.out.println(name + " 正在烘培~~");
}
public void pack() {
System.out.println(name + " 正在打包~~");
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
public class BJChocolateCake extends Cake {
@Override
public void ready() {
System.out.println("准备制作北京巧克力蛋糕的材料~~");
}
}
public class BJCreamCake extends Cake {
@Override
public void ready() {
System.out.println("准备制作北京奶油蛋糕的材料~~");
}
}
public class NJChocolateCake extends Cake{
@Override
public void ready() {
System.out.println("准备制作南京奶油蛋糕的材料~~");
}
}
public class NJCreamCake extends Cake{
@Override
public void ready() {
System.out.println("准备制作南京奶油蛋糕的材料~~");
}
}
public abstract class CakeOrderByMethod {
public CakeOrderByMethod() {
Cake cake = null;
do {
String cakeType = getCakeType();
cake = createCake(cakeType);
if (cake != null) {
System.out.println("下单成功!");
cake.ready();
cake.make();
cake.bake();
cake.pack();
System.out.println("骑手正在派送!");
} else {
System.out.println("下单失败!");
break;
}
} while (true);
}
public abstract Cake createCake(String cakeType);//抽象方法,功能在子类中实现
private String getCakeType() {
System.out.println("请输入蛋糕类型:");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
return sc.next();
}
}
public class BJCakeOrder extends CakeOrderByMethod{
@Override
public Cake createCake(String cakeType) {
Cake cake = null;
if (cakeType.equals(Cake.CREAM_CAKE)) {
cake = new BJCreamCake();
cake.setName("北京奶油蛋糕");
} else if (cakeType.equals(Cake.CHOCOLATE_CAKE)) {
cake = new BJChocolateCake();
cake.setName("北京巧克力蛋糕");
} else {
System.out.println("你输入的蛋糕类型不存在!!");
}
return cake;
}
}
public class NJCakeOrder extends CakeOrderByMethod{
@Override
public Cake createCake(String cakeType) {
Cake cake = null;
if (cakeType.equals(Cake.CREAM_CAKE)) {
cake = new NJCreamCake();
cake.setName("南京奶油蛋糕");
} else if (cakeType.equals(Cake.CHOCOLATE_CAKE)) {
cake = new NJChocolateCake();
cake.setName("南京巧克力蛋糕");
} else {
System.out.println("你输入的蛋糕类型不存在!!");
}
return cake;
}
}
public class CakeStoreByMethod {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//工厂方法
String local = getLocal();
if (local.equalsIgnoreCase("BJ")) {
new BJCakeOrder();
} else if (local.equalsIgnoreCase("NJ")) {
new NJCakeOrder();
} else {
System.out.println("输入的地址有误!");
}
}
private static String getLocal() {
System.out.println("请输入您的地址:");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
return sc.next();
}
}
2.3 抽象工厂模式
简介:
抽象工厂模式:定义了一个 interface 用于创建相关或有依赖关系的对象簇,而无需指明具体的类
抽象工厂模式可以将简单工厂模式和工厂方法模式进行整合。
从设计层面看,抽象工厂模式就是对简单工厂模式的改进(或者称为进一步的抽象)。
将工厂抽象成两层,AbsFactory(抽象工厂) 和 具体实现的工厂子类。程序员可以根据创建对象类型使用对应的工厂子类。这样将单个的简单工厂类变成了工厂簇,更利于代码的维护和扩展。
使用抽象工厂模式完成案例2:
public abstract class Cake {
public static final String CREAM_CAKE = "cream";
public static final String CHOCOLATE_CAKE = "choc";
private String name;
public abstract void ready();
public void make() {
System.out.println(name + " 正在制作~~");
}
public void bake() {
System.out.println(name + " 正在烘培~~");
}
public void pack() {
System.out.println(name + " 正在打包~~");
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
public class BJChocolateCake extends Cake {
@Override
public void ready() {
System.out.println("准备制作北京巧克力蛋糕的材料~~");
}
}
public class BJCreamCake extends Cake {
@Override
public void ready() {
System.out.println("准备制作北京奶油蛋糕的材料~~");
}
}
public class NJChocolateCake extends Cake {
@Override
public void ready() {
System.out.println("准备制作南京奶油蛋糕的材料~~");
}
}
public class NJCreamCake extends Cake {
@Override
public void ready() {
System.out.println("准备制作南京奶油蛋糕的材料~~");
}
}
public interface AbsFactory {
public abstract Cake createCake(String cakeType);
}
public class BJFactory implements AbsFactory {
@Override
public Cake createCake(String cakeType) {
Cake cake = null;
if (cakeType.equals(Cake.CREAM_CAKE)) {
cake = new BJCreamCake();
cake.setName("北京奶油蛋糕");
} else if (cakeType.equals(Cake.CHOCOLATE_CAKE)) {
cake = new BJChocolateCake();
cake.setName("北京巧克力蛋糕");
} else {
System.out.println("你输入的蛋糕类型不存在!!");
}
return cake;
}
}
public class NJFactory implements AbsFactory {
@Override
public Cake createCake(String cakeType) {
Cake cake = null;
if (cakeType.equals(Cake.CREAM_CAKE)) {
cake = new NJCreamCake();
cake.setName("南京奶油蛋糕");
} else if (cakeType.equals(Cake.CHOCOLATE_CAKE)) {
cake = new NJChocolateCake();
cake.setName("南京巧克力蛋糕");
} else {
System.out.println("你输入的蛋糕类型不存在!!");
}
return cake;
}
}
public class CakeOrderByABS {
private AbsFactory factory;
public CakeOrderByABS(AbsFactory factory) {
setFactory(factory);
}
private void setFactory(AbsFactory factory) {
this.factory = factory;
Cake cake = null;
do {
String cakeType = getCakeType();
cake = this.factory.createCake(cakeType);
if (cake != null) {
System.out.println("下单成功!");
cake.ready();
cake.make();
cake.bake();
cake.pack();
System.out.println("骑手正在派送!");
} else {
System.out.println("下单失败!");
break;
}
} while (true);
}
private String getCakeType() {
System.out.println("请输入蛋糕类型:");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
return sc.next();
}
}
public class CakeStoreByABS {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//工厂方法
String local = getLocal();
if (local.equalsIgnoreCase("BJ")) {
new CakeOrderByABS(new BJFactory());
} else if (local.equalsIgnoreCase("NJ")) {
new CakeOrderByABS(new NJFactory());
} else {
System.out.println("输入的地址有误!");
}
}
private static String getLocal() {
System.out.println("请输入您的地址:");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
return sc.next();
}
}
3.总结
- 工厂模式的意义:将实例化对象的代码提取出来,放到一个类中统一管理和维护,达到和主项目的依赖关系的解耦。从而提高项目的扩展和维护性。
- 三种工厂模式 (简单工厂模式、工厂方法模式、抽象工厂模式)
- 设计模式的依赖抽象原则
- 创建对象实例时,不要直接 new 类, 而是把这个 new 类的动作放在一个工厂的方法中,并返回。
- 不要让类继承具体类,而是继承抽象类或者是实现 interface(接口)
- 不要覆盖基类中已经实现的方法。