ArrayList
属性
public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
//初始容量大小10
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
//大小为0实例
private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
//默认初始化的空实例，元素增加时自动grow
private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
/**
存储arraylist元素的数组缓冲区。
arraylist的容量是这个数组缓冲区的长度。任何带有 elementdata==defaultcapacity_empty_elementdata的空arraylist将在添加第一个元素时扩展为默认容量*/
transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access
//当前大小
private int size;
//最大容量
private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
}构造函数
/*
有大小initialCapacity的构造函数
*/
public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
if (initialCapacity > 0) {
this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
} else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
initialCapacity);
}
}
//默认大小构造
public ArrayList() {
this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
//按照排序顺序的集合
public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
elementData = c.toArray();
if ((size = elementData.length) != 0) {
// c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
} else {
// replace with empty array.
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
}
方法
/**
每次扩大原来大小的1.5倍
*/
private void grow(int minCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minCapacity;
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}
/*
当容量不够时，进行1.5倍扩容
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
elementData[size++] = e;
return true;
}
private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
ensureExplicitCapacity(calculateCapacity(elementData, minCapacity));
}
private static int calculateCapacity(Object[] elementData, int minCapacity) {
if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
return Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
}
return minCapacity;
}
private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
modCount++;
// overflow-conscious code
if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
grow(minCapacity);
}LinkList
/*
双向链表，操作类似于其他链表
*/
public class LinkedList<E>
extends AbstractSequentialList<E>
implements List<E>, Deque<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
transient int size = 0;
transient Node<E> first;
transient Node<E> last;
public LinkedList() {
}
public LinkedList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
this();
addAll(c);
}
}
private static class Node<E> {
E item;
Node<E> next;
Node<E> prev;
Node(Node<E> prev, E element, Node<E> next) {
this.item = element;
this.next = next;
this.prev = prev;
}
}HashSet
属性及构造函数
/**
从代码看出hashset全部都是用了HashMap去实现的
*/
public class HashSet<E>
extends AbstractSet<E>
implements Set<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
static final long serialVersionUID = -5024744406713321676L;
private transient HashMap<E,Object> map;
// Dummy value to associate with an Object in the backing Map
private static final Object PRESENT = new Object();
/**
* Constructs a new, empty set; the backing <tt>HashMap</tt> instance has
* default initial capacity (16) and load factor (0.75).
*/
public HashSet() {
map = new HashMap<>();
}
public HashSet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
map = new HashMap<>(Math.max((int) (c.size()/.75f) + 1, 16));
addAll(c);
}
public HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
map = new HashMap<>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
}
public HashSet(int initialCapacity) {
map = new HashMap<>(initialCapacity);
}
HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, boolean dummy) {
map = new LinkedHashMap<>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
}方法
//全部都是map的key值的操作
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return map.containsKey(o);
}
public boolean add(E e) {
return map.put(e, PRESENT)==null;
}
public boolean remove(Object o) {
return map.remove(o)==PRESENT;
}TreeSet也和TreeHashMap类似
HashMap
public class HashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V>
implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 362498820763181265L;
/**
* 默认数组初始化大小
*/
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16
/**
* 数组最大大小
*/
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
/**
* 负载系数，用于数组数量达到 CAPACITY*LOAD_FACTOR（默认为12）时，对数组进行扩容
*/
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
/**
* 链表树化的长度
*/
static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;
/**
* 红黑树链化的长度
*/
static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;
/**
* The smallest table capacity for which bins may be treeified.
* (Otherwise the table is resized if too many nodes in a bin.)
* Should be at least 4 * TREEIFY_THRESHOLD to avoid conflicts
* between resizing and treeification thresholds.
*/
static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;
/**
* Basic hash bin node, used for most entries.
1.8用node，继承接口则兼容以前的entry
*/
static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
final int hash;
final K key;
V value;
Node<K,V> next;
Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
this.hash = hash;
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.next = next;
}
public final K getKey() { return key; }
public final V getValue() { return value; }
public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }
public final int hashCode() {
return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
}
public final V setValue(V newValue) {
V oldValue = value;
value = newValue;
return oldValue;
}
public final boolean equals(Object o) {
if (o == this)
return true;
if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
}构造函数
public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
if (initialCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
initialCapacity);
if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
loadFactor);
this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);
}
/**
* Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial
* capacity and the default load factor (0.75).
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative.
*/
public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
}
/**
* Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the default initial capacity
* (16) and the default load factor (0.75).
*/
public HashMap() {
this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted
}
/**
* Constructs a new <tt>HashMap</tt> with the same mappings as the
* specified <tt>Map</tt>. The <tt>HashMap</tt> is created with
* default load factor (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to
* hold the mappings in the specified <tt>Map</tt>.
*
* @param m the map whose mappings are to be placed in this map
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified map is null
*/
public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR;
putMapEntries(m, false);
}
/**
* Implements Map.putAll and Map constructor.
*
* @param m the map
* @param evict false when initially constructing this map, else
* true (relayed to method afterNodeInsertion).
*/
final void putMapEntries(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m, boolean evict) {
int s = m.size();
if (s > 0) {
if (table == null) { // pre-size
float ft = ((float)s / loadFactor) + 1.0F;
int t = ((ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
(int)ft : MAXIMUM_CAPACITY);
if (t > threshold)
threshold = tableSizeFor(t);
}
else if (s > threshold)
resize();
for (Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e : m.entrySet()) {
K key = e.getKey();
V value = e.getValue();
putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, evict);
}
}
}方法
resize（）
1.如果旧表数组index只有一个元素，则直接计算新值newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
2.如果旧表数组index是链表，
if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
if (loTail == null)
loHead = e;
else
loTail.next = e; // 头插法
loTail = e; // 头插法
} else { // 原索引+oldCap
if (hiTail == null)
hiHead = e;
else
hiTail.next = e;
hiTail = e;
}
// (e.hash & oldCap) 得到的是 元素的在数组中的位置是否需要移动,示例如下
// 示例1：
// e.hash=10 0000 1010
// oldCap=16 0001 0000
// & =0 0000 0000 比较高位的第一位 0
//结论：元素位置在扩容后数组中的位置没有发生改变
// 示例2：
// e.hash=17 0001 0001
// oldCap=16 0001 0000
// & =1 0001 0000 比较高位的第一位 1
//结论：元素位置在扩容后数组中的位置发生了改变，新的下标位置是原下标位置+原数组长度
final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
int oldThr = threshold;
int newCap, newThr = 0;
if (oldCap > 0) {
// 超过最大值就不再扩充了，就只好随你碰撞去吧
if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
return oldTab;
}
// 没超过最大值，就扩充为原来的2倍
else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
}
else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
newCap = oldThr;
else { // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
// 计算新的resize上限
if (newThr == 0) {
float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
(int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
threshold = newThr;
@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes"，"unchecked"})
Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
table = newTab;
if (oldTab != null) {
// 把每个bucket都移动到新的buckets中
for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
Node<K,V> e;
if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
oldTab[j] = null;
if (e.next == null)
newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
else { // 链表优化重hash的代码块
Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null; // 原索引存放的引用
Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null; // 原索引+oldCap存放的引用
Node<K,V> next;
do {
next = e.next;
/*
取余(%)操作中如果除数是2的幂次则等价于与其除数减一的与(&)操作
（也就是说 hash%length==hash&(length-1)的前提是 length 是2的 n 次方；）。
*/
// 原索引
if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
if (loTail == null)
loHead = e;
else
loTail.next = e; // 头插法
loTail = e; // 头插法
} else { // 原索引+oldCap
if (hiTail == null)
hiHead = e;
else
hiTail.next = e;
hiTail = e;
}
} while ((e = next) != null);
// 原索引放到bucket里
if (loTail != null) {
loTail.next = null;
newTab[j] = loHead;
}
// 原索引+oldCap放到bucket里
if (hiTail != null) {
hiTail.next = null;
newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
}
}
}
}
}
return newTab;
}/**
hashCode右移16位，正好是32bit的一半。与自己本身做异或操作（相同为0，不同为1）。就是为了混合哈希值的高位和地位，增加低位的随机性。并且混合后的值也变相保持了高位的特征。
*/
static final int hash(Object key) {
int h;
return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
}
public V get(Object key) {
Node<K,V> e;
return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;
}
public V put(K key, V value) {
return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
n = (tab = resize()).length;
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
else {
Node<K,V> e; K k;
if (p.hash == hash &&
((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
e = p;
else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
else {
for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
if ((e = p.next) == null) {
p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
treeifyBin(tab, hash);
break;
}
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
break;
p = e;
}
}
if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
V oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
e.value = value;
afterNodeAccess(e);
return oldValue;
}
}
++modCount;
if (++size > threshold)
resize();
afterNodeInsertion(evict);
return null;
}
ConcurrentHashMap
属性
public class ConcurrentHashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V>
implements ConcurrentMap<K,V>, Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 7249069246763182397L;
// 表的最大容量
private static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
// 默认表的大小
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 16;
// 最大数组大小
static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
// 默认并发数
private static final int DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL = 16;
// 装载因子
private static final float LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
// 转化为红黑树的阈值
static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;
// 由红黑树转化为链表的阈值
static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;
// 转化为红黑树的表的最小容量
static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;
// 每次进行转移的最小值
private static final int MIN_TRANSFER_STRIDE = 16;
// 生成sizeCtl所使用的bit位数
private static int RESIZE_STAMP_BITS = 16;
// 进行扩容所允许的最大线程数
private static final int MAX_RESIZERS = (1 << (32 - RESIZE_STAMP_BITS)) - 1;
// 记录sizeCtl中的大小所需要进行的偏移位数
private static final int RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT = 32 - RESIZE_STAMP_BITS;
// 一系列的标识
static final int MOVED = -1; // hash for forwarding nodes
static final int TREEBIN = -2; // hash for roots of trees
static final int RESERVED = -3; // hash for transient reservations
static final int HASH_BITS = 0x7fffffff; // usable bits of normal node hash
//
/** Number of CPUS, to place bounds on some sizings */
// 获取可用的CPU个数
static final int NCPU = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
//
/** For serialization compatibility. */
// 进行序列化的属性
private static final ObjectStreamField[] serialPersistentFields = {
new ObjectStreamField("segments", Segment[].class),
new ObjectStreamField("segmentMask", Integer.TYPE),
new ObjectStreamField("segmentShift", Integer.TYPE)
};
// 表
transient volatile Node<K,V>[] table;
// 下一个表
private transient volatile Node<K,V>[] nextTable;
//
/**
* Base counter value, used mainly when there is no contention,
* but also as a fallback during table initialization
* races. Updated via CAS.
*/
// 基本计数
private transient volatile long baseCount;
//
/**
* Table initialization and resizing control. When negative, the
* table is being initialized or resized: -1 for initialization,
* else -(1 + the number of active resizing threads). Otherwise,
* when table is null, holds the initial table size to use upon
* creation, or 0 for default. After initialization, holds the
* next element count value upon which to resize the table.
*/
// 对表初始化和扩容控制
private transient volatile int sizeCtl;
/**
* The next table index (plus one) to split while resizing.
*/
// 扩容下另一个表的索引
private transient volatile int transferIndex;
/**
* Spinlock (locked via CAS) used when resizing and/or creating CounterCells.
*/
// 旋转锁
private transient volatile int cellsBusy;
/**
* Table of counter cells. When non-null, size is a power of 2.
*/
// counterCell表
private transient volatile CounterCell[] counterCells;
// views
// 视图
private transient KeySetView<K,V> keySet;
private transient ValuesView<K,V> values;
private transient EntrySetView<K,V> entrySet;
// Unsafe mechanics
private static final sun.misc.Unsafe U;
private static final long SIZECTL;
private static final long TRANSFERINDEX;
private static final long BASECOUNT;
private static final long CELLSBUSY;
private static final long CELLVALUE;
private static final long ABASE;
private static final int ASHIFT;
static {
try {
U = sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
Class<?> k = ConcurrentHashMap.class;
SIZECTL = U.objectFieldOffset
(k.getDeclaredField("sizeCtl"));
TRANSFERINDEX = U.objectFieldOffset
(k.getDeclaredField("transferIndex"));
BASECOUNT = U.objectFieldOffset
(k.getDeclaredField("baseCount"));
CELLSBUSY = U.objectFieldOffset
(k.getDeclaredField("cellsBusy"));
Class<?> ck = CounterCell.class;
CELLVALUE = U.objectFieldOffset
(ck.getDeclaredField("value"));
Class<?> ak = Node[].class;
ABASE = U.arrayBaseOffset(ak);
int scale = U.arrayIndexScale(ak);
if ((scale & (scale - 1)) != 0)
throw new Error("data type scale not a power of two");
ASHIFT = 31 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(scale);
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new Error(e);
}
}
}
方法
final V putVal(K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
if (key == null || value == null) throw new NullPointerException(); // 键或值为空，抛出异常
// 键的hash值经过计算获得hash值
int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
int binCount = 0;
for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) { // 无限循环
Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0) // 表为空或者表的长度为0
// 初始化表
tab = initTable();//里面使用sizeCtl控制多线程争用问题，cas修改sizeCtl
else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null) { // 表不为空并且表的长度大于0，并且该桶不为空
if (casTabAt(tab, i, null,
new Node<K,V>(hash, key, value, null))) // 比较并且交换值，如tab的第i项为空则用新生成的node替换
break; // no lock when adding to empty bin
}
else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED) // 该结点的hash值为MOVED
// 进行结点的转移（在扩容的过程中）
tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
else {
V oldVal = null;
synchronized (f) { // 加锁同步
if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) { // 找到table表下标为i的节点
if (fh >= 0) { // 该table表中该结点的hash值大于0
// binCount赋值为1
binCount = 1;
for (Node<K,V> e = f;; ++binCount) { // 无限循环
K ek;
if (e.hash == hash &&
((ek = e.key) == key ||
(ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) { // 结点的hash值相等并且key也相等
// 保存该结点的val值
oldVal = e.val;
if (!onlyIfAbsent) // 进行判断
// 将指定的value保存至结点，即进行了结点值的更新
e.val = value;
break;
}
// 保存当前结点
Node<K,V> pred = e;
if ((e = e.next) == null) { // 当前结点的下一个结点为空，即为最后一个结点
// 新生一个结点并且赋值给next域
pred.next = new Node<K,V>(hash, key,
value, null);
// 退出循环
break;
}
}
}
else if (f instanceof TreeBin) { // 结点为红黑树结点类型
Node<K,V> p;
// binCount赋值为2
binCount = 2;
if ((p = ((TreeBin<K,V>)f).putTreeVal(hash, key,
value)) != null) { // 将hash、key、value放入红黑树
// 保存结点的val
oldVal = p.val;
if (!onlyIfAbsent) // 判断
// 赋值结点value值
p.val = value;
}
}
}
}
if (binCount != 0) { // binCount不为0
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD) // 如果binCount大于等于转化为红黑树的阈值
// 进行转化
treeifyBin(tab, i);
if (oldVal != null) // 旧值不为空
// 返回旧值
return oldVal;
break;
}
}
}
// 增加binCount的数量
addCount(1L, binCount);
return null;
}说明：put函数底层调用了putVal进行数据的插入，对于putVal函数的流程大体如下。
① 判断存储的key、value是否为空，若为空，则抛出异常，否则，进入步骤②
② 计算key的hash值，随后进入无限循环，该无限循环可以确保成功插入数据，若table表为空或者长度为0，则初始化table表，否则，进入步骤③
③ 根据key的hash值取出table表中的结点元素，若取出的结点为空（该桶为空），则使用CAS将key、value、hash值生成的结点放入桶中。否则，进入步骤④
④ 若该结点的的hash值为MOVED，则对该桶中的结点进行转移（协助转换），否则，进入步骤⑤
⑤ 对桶中的第一个结点（即table表中的结点）进行加锁，对该桶进行遍历，桶中的结点的hash值与key值与给定的hash值和key值相等，则根据标识选择是否进行更新操作（用给定的value值替换该结点的value值），若遍历完桶仍没有找到hash值与key值和指定的hash值与key值相等的结点，则直接新生一个结点并赋值为之前最后一个结点的下一个结点。进入步骤⑥
⑥ 若binCount值达到红黑树转化的阈值，则将桶中的结构转化为红黑树存储，最后，增加binCount的值。
我想有基础的同学知道在jdk1.7中是采用Segment + HashEntry + ReentrantLock的方式进行实现的，而1.8中放弃了Segment臃肿的设计，取而代之的是采用Node + CAS + Synchronized来保证并发安全进行实现。
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JDK1.8的实现降低锁的粒度，JDK1.7版本锁的粒度是基于Segment的，包含多个HashEntry，而JDK1.8锁的粒度就是HashEntry（首节点）
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JDK1.8版本的数据结构变得更加简单，使得操作也更加清晰流畅，因为已经使用synchronized来进行同步，所以不需要分段锁的概念，也就不需要Segment这种数据结构了，由于粒度的降低，实现的复杂度也增加了
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JDK1.8使用红黑树来优化链表，基于长度很长的链表的遍历是一个很漫长的过程，而红黑树的遍历效率是很快的，代替一定阈值的链表，这样形成一个最佳拍档
扩容及协助扩容
当put的时候，有一句
else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED) // 该结点的hash值为MOVED // 进行结点的转移（在扩容的过程中） tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);所以，每个线程都会去帮助正在扩容的map去扩容——协助扩容。
通过Unsafe.compareAndSwapInt修改sizeCtl值，保证只有一个线程能够初始化nextTable，扩容后的数组长度为原来的两倍，但是容量是原来的1.5。
节点从table移动到nextTable，大体思想是遍历、复制的过程。
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首先根据运算得到需要遍历的次数i，然后利用tabAt方法获得i位置的元素f，初始化一个forwardNode实例fwd。
/** * A node inserted at head of bins during transfer operations. */ static final class ForwardingNode<K,V> extends Node<K,V> { final Node<K,V>[] nextTable; ForwardingNode(Node<K,V>[] tab) { super(MOVED, null, null, null); this.nextTable = tab; } Node<K,V> find(int h, Object k) { // loop to avoid arbitrarily deep recursion on forwarding nodes outer: for (Node<K,V>[] tab = nextTable;;) { Node<K,V> e; int n; if (k == null || tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0 || (e = tabAt(tab, (n - 1) & h)) == null) return null; for (;;) { int eh; K ek; if ((eh = e.hash) == h && ((ek = e.key) == k || (ek != null && k.equals(ek)))) return e; if (eh < 0) { if (e instanceof ForwardingNode) { tab = ((ForwardingNode<K,V>)e).nextTable; continue outer; } else return e.find(h, k); } if ((e = e.next) == null) return null; } } } } -
如果f == null，则在table中的i位置放入fwd，这个过程是采用Unsafe.compareAndSwapObjectf方法实现的，很巧妙的实现了节点的并发移动。
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如果f是链表的头节点，就构造一个反序链表，把他们分别放在nextTable的i和i+n的位置上，移动完成，采用Unsafe.putObjectVolatile方法给table原位置赋值fwd。
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如果f是TreeBin节点，也做一个反序处理，并判断是否需要untreeify，把处理的结果分别放在nextTable的i和i+n的位置上，移动完成，同样采用Unsafe.putObjectVolatile方法给table原位置赋值fwd。
遍历过所有的节点以后就完成了复制工作，把table指向nextTable，并更新sizeCtl为新数组大小的0.75倍 ，扩容完成。
总结
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在1.8中ConcurrentHashMap的get操作全程不需要加锁，这也是它比其他并发集合比如hashtable、用Collections.synchronizedMap()包装的hashmap;安全效率高的原因之一。
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get操作全程不需要加锁是因为Node的成员val是用volatile修饰的和数组用volatile修饰没有关系。
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数组用volatile修饰主要是保证在数组扩容的时候保证可见性。
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