《Javascript权威指南》学习笔记之~Chapter 3. Type, Values, and Variables

一、数字写法

 

3.14
2345.789
.333333333333333333
6.02e23        // 6.02 × 10
23
1.4738223E-32  // 1.4738223 × 10
−32

 

 

二、Math对象的用法

 

Math.pow(2,53)           // => 9007199254740992: 2 to the power 53
Math.round(.6)           // => 1.0: round to the nearest integer
Math.ceil(.6)            // => 1.0: round up to an integer
Math.floor(.6)           // => 0.0: round down to an integer
Math.abs(-5)             // => 5: absolute value
Math.max(x,y,z)          // Return the largest argument
Math.min(x,y,z)          // Return the smallest argument
Math.random()            // Pseudo-random number x where 0 <= x < 1.0
Math.PI                  // π: circumference of a circle / diameter
Math.E                   // e: The base of the natural logarithm
Math.sqrt(3)             // The square root of 3
Math.pow(3, 1/3)         // The cube root of 3
Math.sin(0)              // Trigonometry: also Math.cos, Math.atan, etc.
Math.log(10)             // Natural logarithm of 10
Math.log(100)/Math.LN10  // Base 10 logarithm of 100
Math.log(512)/Math.LN2   // Base 2 logarithm of 512
Math.exp(3)              // Math.E cubed

 

三、数字计算特殊结果

 

NaN就是Not A Number

 

Infinity                    // A read/write variable initialized to Infinity.
Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY    // Same value, read-only.
1/0                         // This is also the same value.
Number.MAX_VALUE + 1        // This also evaluates to Infinity.
Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY    // These expressions are negative infinity.
-Infinity
-1/0                        
-Number.MAX_VALUE - 1
NaN                         // A read/write variable initialized to NaN.
Number.NaN                  // A read-only property holding the same value.
0/0                         // Evaluates to NaN.
Number.MIN_VALUE/2          // Underflow: evaluates to 0
-Number.MIN_VALUE/2         // Negative zero
-1/Infinity                 // Also negative 0
-0

The not-a-number value has one unusual feature in JavaScript: it does not compare equal to any other value, including itself.

 This means that you can’t write x == NaN to determine whether the value of a variable x is NaN. Instead, you should write x != x.

That expression will be true if, and only if, x is NaN. The function isNaN() is similar. 

It returns true if its argument is NaN, or if that argument is a non-numeric value such as a string or an object. 

The related function isFinite() returns true if its argument is a number other than NaN, Infinity, or -Infinity. 

The negative zero value is also somewhat unusual. It compares equal (even using Java-Script’s strict equality test) to positive zero, which means that the two values are almost indistinguishable, except when used as a divisor:

 

 

var zero = 0;         // Regular zero
var negz = -0;        // Negative zero
zero === negz         // => true: zero and negative zero are equal 
1/zero === 1/negz     // => false: infinity and -infinity are not equal

四、十进制小数产生的误差

 

这货对二进制数的精确度支持的很好，十进制就不行

JavaScript numbers have plenty of precision and can approximate 0.1 very closely. But the fact that this number cannot be represented exactly can lead to problems. Consider this code:

 

var x = .3 - .2;    // thirty cents minus 20 cents
var y = .2 - .1;    // twenty cents minus 10 cents
x == y              // => false: the two values are not the same!
x == .1             // => false: .3-.2 is not equal to .1
y == .1             // => true: .2-.1 is equal to .1

好在这个问题只会在对值进行比较的时候才会发生。

 

五、Date对象

var then = new Date(2010, 0, 1);  // The 1st day of the 1st month of 2010
var later = new Date(2010, 0, 1,  // Same day, at 5:10:30pm, local time
                     17, 10, 30);
var now = new Date();          // The current date and time
var elapsed = now - then;      // Date subtraction: interval in milliseconds 
later.getFullYear()            // => 2010
later.getMonth()               // => 0: zero-based months
later.getDate()                // => 1: one-based days
later.getDay()                 // => 5: day of week.  0 is Sunday 5 is Friday.
later.getHours()               // => 17: 5pm, local time
later.getUTCHours()            // hours in UTC time; depends on timezonelater.toString() 
later.toString()               // => "Fri Jan 01 2010 17:10:30 GMT-0800 (PST)"
later.toUTCString()            // => "Sat, 02 Jan 2010 01:10:30 GMT"
later.toLocaleDateString()     // => "01/01/2010"
later.toLocaleTimeString()     // => "05:10:30 PM"
later.toISOString()            // => "2010-01-02T01:10:30.000Z"; ES5 only

六、String对象

 

1.关于反斜杠

"two\nlines"   // A string representing 2 lines written on one line
"one\          // A one-line string written on 3 lines. ECMAScript 5 only.
 long\
 line"

 

反斜杠可作为js中的转义字符出现，例如：'You\'re right, it can\'t be a quote'。反斜杠后面加上特定的字母会有特殊的含义，比如\n就是换行符，下面举例说明：

 

\0 The NUL character (\u0000)
\b Backspace (\u0008)
\t Horizontal tab (\u0009)
\n Newline (\u000A)
\v Vertical tab (\u000B)
\f Form feed (\u000C)
\r Carriage return (\u000D)
\" Double quote (\u0022)
\' Apostrophe or single quote (\u0027)
\\ Backslash (\u005C)
\x XX The Latin-1 character specified by the two hexadecimal digits XX
\u XXXX The Unicode character specified by the four hexadecimal digits XXXX

除以上形式以外，其他的字符前面加反斜杠之后，反斜杠将被忽略，例如：\#就如同#一样

 

2.String对象的一些常用方法（使用utf-16编码）

var s = "hello, world"        // Start with some text.
s.charAt(0)                   // => "h": the first character.
s.charAt(s.length-1)          // => "d": the last character.
s.substring(1,4)              // => "ell": the 2nd, 3rd and 4th characters.
s.slice(1,4)                  // => "ell": same thing
s.slice(-3)                   // => "rld": last 3 characters
s.indexOf("l")                // => 2: position of first letter l.
s.lastIndexOf("l")            // => 10: position of last letter l.
s.indexOf("l", 3)             // => 3: position of first "l" at or after 3
s.split(", ")                 // => ["hello", "world"] split into substrings
s.replace("h", "H")           // => "Hello, world": replaces all instances
s.toUpperCase()               // => "HELLO, WORLD"

String类型的数据可被当成是只读的数组，我们可以访问其中独立的16位字符，例如：

 

s = "hello, world";
s[0]                  // => "h"
s[s.length-1]         // => "d"