Shell脚本编程---处理用户输入（四）

一、命令行参数

向shell脚本传递数据的最基本方式是使用命令行参数

（1）读取参数（$1 $2 .....）

bash  shell将在命令行中输入的所有参数赋值给一些特殊变量，这些变量称为位置参数。

[root@ceph01 test1]# cat shell-arg.sh 
#!/bin/bash
#using two comand line parameters

total=$[ $1 * $2 ]
echo The first oaramerer is $1
echo The second parameter is $2
echo The total value is $total

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 test1]# ./shell-arg.sh 1 2
The first oaramerer is 1
The second parameter is 2
The total value is 2

（2）读取程序名称（$0）

使用参数$0可以确定shell从命令启动的程序的名称。

[root@ceph01 test1]# cat shell-program-name.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# using basename with the $0 parameter

name=`basename $0`
echo The command entered is: $name

[root@ceph01 test1]# ./shell-program-name.sh 
The command entered is: shell-program-name.sh

（3）测试参数

[root@ceph01 test1]# cat shell-test-arg.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# testing parameters before use

if [ -n "$1" ]
then
	echo Hello $1,glad to meet you!
else
	echo "Sorry,you didn't identify yourself!"
fi

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 test1]# ./shell-test-arg.sh 
Sorry,you didn't identify yourself!
[root@ceph01 test1]# ./shell-test-arg.sh Rich
Hello Rich,glad to meet you!

二、特殊的参数变量

（1）参数计数（$#）

例1：

[root@ceph01 test1]# cat shell-test-arg-num.sh
#!/bin/bash
# getting the number of parameters
echo There were $# parameters supplied

[root@ceph01 test1]# ./shell-test-arg-num.sh 1 2 3 4 
There were 4 parameters supplied

例2：

[root@ceph01 test1]# cat shell-test-arg-num1.sh
#!/bin/bash
# testing parameters

if [ $# -ne 2 ]
then
	echo Usage: test9 a b
else
	total=$[ $1 + $2 ]
	echo The total is $total
fi

[root@ceph01 test1]# ./shell-test-arg-num1.sh 
Usage: test9 a b
[root@ceph01 test1]# ./shell-test-arg-num1.sh 1 2
The total is 3

（2）获取所有数据（$*  和 $@）

      变量$*将命令行中提供的所有参数作为一个单词处理；

      变量$@将命令ha同一行中提供的所有参数作为同一个字符串中的多个单词处理

[root@ceph01 test1]# cat shell-data.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# testing $* and $@

count=1
for param in "$*"
do
	echo "\$* Parameter #$count = $param"
	count=$[ $count + 1 ]
done

count=1
for param in "$@"
do
	echo "\$@ Parameter #$count = $param"
	count=$[ $count + 1 ]
done

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 test1]# ./shell-data.sh rich kate helloy
$* Parameter #1 = rich kate helloy
$@ Parameter #1 = rich
$@ Parameter #2 = kate
$@ Parameter #3 = helloy

三、移位

shift命令时，默认将每个参数变量左移一个位置。

[root@ceph01 test1]# cat shift.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# demonstarting the shift command 

count=1
while [ -n "$1" ]
do
	echo "Parameter #$count = $1"
	count=$[ $count + 1 ]
	shift
done

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 test1]# ./shift.sh rich katie band
Parameter #1 = rich
Parameter #2 = katie
Parameter #3 = band

四、处理选项

选项是由破折号引导的单个字母，它更改命令的行为。

（1）找出选项

处理简单选项

[root@ceph01 test1]# cat shell-options.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# extracting command line options as parameters

while [ -n "$1" ]
do
	case "$1" in
	-a) echo "Found the -a option";;
	-b) echo "Found the -b option";;
	-c) echo "Found the -c option";;
	*)  echo "$1 is not an option";;
	esac
	shift
done

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 test1]# ./shell-options.sh -a -b -c -d
Found the -a option
Found the -b option
Found the -c option
-d is not an option

从参数中分离选项

[root@ceph01 test1]# cat shell-options1.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# extracting options and parameters

while [ -n "$1" ]
do
	case "$1" in
	-a) echo "Found the -a option";;
	-b) echo "Found the -b option";;
	-c) echo "Found the -c option";;
	--) shift
	    break ;;
	*)  echo "$1 is not an option";;
	esac
	shift
done

count=1
for param in $@
do
	echo "Parameter #$count: $param"
	count=$[ $count + 1 ]
done

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 test1]# ./shell-options1.sh -c -a -b test1 test2 test3
Found the -c option
Found the -a option
Found the -b option
test1 is not an option
test2 is not an option
test3 is not an option
[root@ceph01 test1]# ./shell-options1.sh -c -a -b -- test1 test2 test3
Found the -c option
Found the -a option
Found the -b option
Parameter #1: test1
Parameter #2: test2
Parameter #3: test3

处理带值的选项

[root@ceph01 test1]# cat shell-options2.sh
#!/bin/bash
# extracting options and parameters

while [ -n "$1" ]
do
	case "$1" in
	-a) echo "Found the -a option";;
	-b) param="$2"
		echo "Found the -b option,with parameter value $param"
		shift 2;;
	-c) echo "Found the -c option";;
	--) shift
	    break ;;
	*)  echo "$1 is not an option";;
	esac
	shift
done

count=1
for param in $@
do
	echo "Parameter #$count: $param"
	count=$[ $count + 1 ]
done


[root@ceph01 test1]# ./shell-options2.sh -a -b test1 -d
Found the -a option
Found the -b option,with parameter value test1

（2）使用getopt命令

1》命令格式

getopt命令可以接受任意形式的命令选项和参数列表，并自动将这些选项和参数转换为适当的格式，命令格式

getopt options optstring parameters

[root@ceph01 test1]# getopt ab:cd -a -b test1 -cd test2 test3
 -a -b test1 -c -d -- test2 test3

2》在脚本中使用getopt

[root@ceph01 test1]# cat getopt.sh 
#!/bin/bash
#extracting command line options and values with getopt

set -- `getopt -q ab:c "$@"`
while [ -n "$1" ]
do
	case "$1" in
	-a) echo "Found the -a option";;
	-b) param="$2"
	    echo "Found the -b option,with parameter value $param      shift;;
	-c) echo "Found the -c option";;
	--) shift
	    break;;
	*)  echo "$1 is not an option";;
	esac
	shift
done

count=1
for param in "$@"
do
	echo "Parameter #$count: $param"
	count=$[ $count + 1 ]
done

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 test1]# ./getopt.sh -ac
Found the -a option
Found the -c option
[root@ceph01 test1]# ./getopt.sh -a -b test1 -cd test2 test3 test4Found the -a option
Found the -b option,with parameter value 'test1' shift
'test1' is not an option
Found the -c option
Parameter #1: 'test2'
Parameter #2: 'test3'
Parameter #3: 'test4'

3》更高级的getopts命令

getopts命令格式为：

getopts optstring variable

[root@ceph01 test1]# cat getopts.sh 
#!/bin/bash
#simple demonstration of the getopts command

while getopts :ab:c opt
do
	case "$opt" in
	a) echo "Found the -a option";;
	b) echo "Found the -b option, with value $OPTARG";;
	c) echo "Found the -c option";;
	*) echo "Unknown option: $opt";;
	esac
done

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 test1]# ./getopts.sh -ab test1 -c
Found the -a option
Found the -b option, with value test1
Found the -c option

五、标准化选项

六、获取用户输入

（1）基本读取

read命令接受标准输入（键盘）的输入，或其他文件描述符的输入。

[root@ceph01 test1]# cat read.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# testing the read command

echo -n "Enter your name: "
read name
echo "Hello $name, welcome to my program!"

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 test1]# ./read.sh 
Enter your name: haha
Hello haha, welcome to my program!

（2）计时

-t选项指定一个计时器，指定read命令等待输入的秒数。

[root@ceph01 test1]# cat read-t.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# timing the data entry

if read -t 5 -p "Please enter your name: " name
then
	echo "Hello $name, welcome to my script"
else
	echo
	echo "Sorry,too slow!"
fi

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 test1]# ./read-t.sh 
Please enter your name: haha
Hello haha, welcome to my script

[root@ceph01 test1]# ./read-t.sh 
Please enter your name: 
Sorry,too slow!

（3）默读

-s选项能够使read命令中输入的数据不显示在监视器上

[root@ceph01 test1]# cat read-s.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# hiding input data from the monitor

read -s -p "Enter your passwd: " pass
echo
echo "Is your passwd really $pass"

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 test1]# ./read-s.sh 
Enter your passwd: 
Is your passwd really hshs

（4）读取文件

[root@ceph01 test1]# cat read-file.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# reading data from a file
count=1
cat test | while read line
do
	echo "Line $count: $line"
	count=$[ $count + 1 ]
done
echo "Finished processing the file"

运行脚本

[root@ceph01 test1]# ./read-file.sh 
Line 1: root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
Line 2: bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
Line 3: daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
Line 4: adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
Line 5: lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
Line 6: sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
Line 7: shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
Finished processing the file