Shell脚本编程---显示数据（五）

一、了解输入和输出

（1）标准文件描述符

文件描述符标识每个文件对象。文件描述符是一个非负整数。

1》STDIN

STDIN文件描述符引用shell的标准输入，对于终端接口，标准输入是键盘。shell通过STDIN文件描述符从键盘接受输入，并在键入时处理每个字符。

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat
hah
hah
shdv sc
shdv sc

2》STDOUT

STDOUT文件描述符引用shell的标准输出，在终端接口，标准输出是终端监视器。shell的所有输出（包括shellzhon中运行的程序和脚本）都定向到标准输出，也就是监视器。

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ls -l ../ > test
[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat test 
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root   18 Jan  5 20:50 display-the-data
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan  5 14:53 test
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan  5 20:30 test1

3》STDERR

STDERR文件描述符处理错误消息，STDERR文件描述符引用shell的标准错误输出。

（2）重定向错误

1》仅重定向错误

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ls -al badfile 2> test1
[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat test1
ls: cannot access badfile: No such file or directory

2》重定向错误和数据

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ls -al test test1 badtest 2> test3 1> test4
[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat test3
ls: cannot access badtest: No such file or directory
[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat test4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 159 Jan  5 20:50 test
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  53 Jan  5 20:55 test1

二、在脚本中重定向输出

在脚本中使用STDOUT和STDEER文件描述符在多个位置生成输出，只要重定向相应的文件描述符即可。使用脚本重定向输出的方法有两种：

       临时重定向每一行

       在脚本中永久重定向所有命令

（1）临时重定向

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat stdeer.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# testing STDERR messages

echo "This is an error" >&2
echo "This is normal output"

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ./stdeer.sh 
This is an error
This is normal output

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ./stdeer.sh 2>test3
This is normal output

（2）永久重定向

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat forever.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# redirecting all output to a file
exec 1>testout

echo "This is a test of redirecting all output"
echo "from a script to another file!"
echo "without having to redirect every individual line"
[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# 

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat testout 
This is a test of redirecting all output
from a script to another file!
without having to redirect every individual line

三、在脚本中重定向输入

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat file.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# redirecting file input 

exec 0< test1
count=1

while read line
do
	echo "Line #$count: $line"
	count=$[ $count + 1 ]
done

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ./file.sh 
Line #1: ls: cannot access badfile: No such file or directory

四、创建自己的重定向

（1）创建输出文件描述符

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat my-output.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# using an alternative file descriptor

exec 3>testout

echo "This should display on the monitor"
echo "and this should be stored in the file" >&3
echo "Then this should be back on the monitor"

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ./my-output.sh 
This should display on the monitor
Then this should be back on the monitor

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat testout 
and this should be stored in the file

（2）重定向文件描述符

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat my-output1.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# storing STDOUT,then coming back to it

exec 3>&1
exec 1>testout1

echo "This should store in the output file"
echo "along with this line"

exec 1>&3

echo "Now things should be back to normal"

运行脚本

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ./my-output1.sh 
Now things should be back to normal
[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat testout1
This should store in the output file
along with this line

（3）创建输入文件描述符

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat my-output2.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# redirecting input file descripors

exec 6<&0
exec 0<test1

count=1
while read line
do
	echo "Line #$count: $line"
	count=$[ $count + 1 ]
done
exec 0<&6
read -p "Are you done now?" answer
case $answer in
	Y|y) echo "Goodbye";;
	N|n) echo "Sorry,this is the end!";;
esac 

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ./my-output2.sh 
Line #1: ls: cannot access badfile: No such file or directory
Are you done now?y
Goodbye
[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ./my-output2.sh 
Line #1: ls: cannot access badfile: No such file or directory
Are you done now?n
Sorry,this is the end!

（4）创建读取/写入文件描述符

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat my-output3.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# testing input/output file descriptor

exec 3<> test3
read line <&3
echo "Read: $line"
echo "This is a test line" >&3

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat test3
This is an error
[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ./my-output3.sh 
Read: This is an error

（5）关闭文件描述符

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat my-output4.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# testing calosing file descriptors

exec 3>test3
echo "This is a test line of data" >&3
exec 3>&-

cat test3

exec 3>test3
echo "This'll be bad" >&3

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ./my-output4.sh 
This is a test line of data

五、列出开放文件描述符

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# /usr/sbin/lsof -a -p $$ -d 0,1,2
COMMAND  PID USER   FD   TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
bash    2386 root    0u   CHR  136,0      0t0    3 /dev/pts/0
bash    2386 root    1u   CHR  136,0      0t0    3 /dev/pts/0
bash    2386 root    2u   CHR  136,0      0t0    3 /dev/pts/0

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat lsof.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# testing lsof with file descriptors

exec 3> test1
exec 6> test3
exec 7< test4
/usr/sbin/lsof -a -p $$ -d 0,1,2,3,6,7

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ./lsof.sh 
COMMAND   PID USER   FD   TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF     NODE NAME
lsof.sh 10085 root    0u   CHR  136,0      0t0        3 /dev/pts/0
lsof.sh 10085 root    1u   CHR  136,0      0t0        3 /dev/pts/0
lsof.sh 10085 root    2u   CHR  136,0      0t0        3 /dev/pts/0
lsof.sh 10085 root    3w   REG  253,2        0 16777282 /home/display-the-data/test1
lsof.sh 10085 root    6w   REG  253,2        0 16777283 /home/display-the-data/test3
lsof.sh 10085 root    7r   REG  253,2       91 16777284 /home/display-the-data/test4

六、禁止命令输出

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ls -al > /dev/null
[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat /dev/null 

七、使用临时文件

（1）创建本地临时文件

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# mktemp testing.XXXXXX
testing.hJJ69f
[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# mktemp testing.XXXXXX
testing.NOovdd
[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# mktemp testing.XXXXXX
testing.K69zcY

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ls -la
total 52
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 323 Jan  5 23:44 .
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root  55 Jan  5 20:40 ..
-rw-------  1 root root   0 Jan  5 23:44 testing.hJJ69f
-rw-------  1 root root   0 Jan  5 23:44 testing.K69zcY
-rw-------  1 root root   0 Jan  5 23:44 testing.NOovdd

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat mktemp.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# creating and using a temp file

tempfile=`mktemp testing.XXXXXX`
exec 3>$tempfile

echo "This script writes to temp file $tempfile"

echo "This is the first line" >&3
echo "This is the second line" >&3
echo "This is the last line" >&3
exec 3>&-

echo "Done creating temp file.The contents are:"
cat $tempfile
rm -f $tempfile 2> /dev/null

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ./mktemp.sh 
This script writes to temp file testing.8i44Je
Done creating temp file.The contents are:
This is the first line
This is the second line
This is the last line

（2）在/temp中创建临时文件

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# mktemp -t test.XXXXXX
/tmp/test.4cYGdm

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat mktemp-tmp.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# creating a temp file in /tmp

tempfile=`mktemp -t tmp.XXXXXXX`
echo "This is a test file!" > $tempfile
echo "This is the second line of the test!" >> $tempfile

echo "The temp file is located at: $tempfile"
cat $tempfile
rm -f $tempfile

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ./mktemp-tmp.sh 
The temp file is located at: /tmp/tmp.gXg0VwT
This is a test file!
This is the second line of the test!

（3）创建临时目录

-d选项可以让mktemp命令创建一个临时目录而不是一个文件。

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat mktemp-dir.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# using a temporary directory

tempdir=`mktemp -d dir.XXXXXX`
cd $tempdir
tempfile1=`mktemp temp.XXXXXX`
tempfile2=`mktemp temp.XXXXXX`
exec 7> $tempfile1
exec 8> $tempfile2

echo "Sending data to directory $tempdir"
echo "This is a test line of data for $tempfile1" >&7
echo "This is a test line of data for $tempfile2" >&8

 

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ./mktemp-dir.sh 
Sending data to directory dir.piJXVi

八、记录消息

tee命令就像管道的T形接头，他将STDIN的数据同时发送到两个目的地，一个是STDOUT，一个是tee命令行指定的文件名：

tee filename

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# date | tee date
Sun Jan  6 00:07:23 CST 2019
[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat date 
Sun Jan  6 00:07:23 CST 2019

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# cat tee.sh 
#!/bin/bash
# using the tee command for logging

tempfile=teeout

echo "This is the start of the test" | tee $tempfile
echo "This is the cecond of the test" | tee -a $tempfile
echo "This is the end of the test" | tee -a $tempfile

运行脚本：

[root@ceph01 display-the-data]# ./tee.sh 
This is the start of the test
This is the cecond of the test
This is the end of the test