浅析C++中的初始化列表（区别赋值和初始化）

派生类不能直接访问基类的私有成员，而必须通过基类方法进行访问。

具体来说，派生类构造函数必须使用基类构造函数。

创建派生类对象时，程序首先创建基类对象。C++使用初始化列表完成这项工作。

<code class="hljs rust has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">RatedPlayer::RatedPlayer(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> r, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">const</span> string &<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">fn</span>):<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">TableTennisPlayer</span>(</span><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">fn</span>)
{
    <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">rating</span> = <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">r</span>;
}</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

其中TableTennisPlayer(fn)是成员初始化列表，它是可执行代码。调用TableTennisPlayer构造函数。

如果不使用初始化列表，则调用基类默认构造函数。

同样，可以对派生类成员使用成员初始化列表语法：

<code class="hljs rust has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">RatedPlayer::RatedPlayer(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> r, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">const</span> string &<span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">fn</span>):<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">TableTennisPlayer</span>(</span><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">fn</span>)，<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">rating</span>(</span>r)
{

}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

有关派生类构造函数的要点： 
1创建基类对象。 
2派生类构造函数应通过成员初始化列表将基类信息传递给基类构造函数。 
3派生类构造函数应初始化派生类新增的数据成员。

Effective C++中写到“Make sure that objects are initialized before they’re used.”,即“确定对象被使用前已先被初始化”。

下面不讨论继承，只讨论赋值和初始化！有代码如下

<code class="hljs applescript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">ABEntry::ABEntry(const std::<span class="hljs-type" style="box-sizing: border-box;">string</span> & <span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">name</span>)
{
    theName = <span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">name</span>;
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

C++规定，对象的成员变量的初始化动作发生在进入构造函数本体之前。 
因此，上诉代码中theName不是初始化而是赋值。即，首先调用了这个类的默认构造函数，然后将theName赋值为name，即在调用拷贝构造函数。 
将上诉代码改为：

<code class="hljs css has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">ABEntry</span><span class="hljs-pseudo" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">::ABEntry(const</span> <span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">std</span><span class="hljs-pseudo" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">::string</span> & <span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">name</span>)： <span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">theName</span>（<span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">name</span>）
<span class="hljs-rules" style="box-sizing: border-box;">{

<span class="hljs-rule" style="box-sizing: border-box;">}</span></span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

则只调用了默认构造函数，不会再调用拷贝构造函数。 
因此，使用成员初始化列表，程序的效率越高！！