c++ template - 成员模板

1.1.1    .templates构造

这个比较生僻一些，给个例子吧

template<int N>

void printBitset(std::bitset<N> const& bs)
{
     std::cout<<bs.template to_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >();
}

//传入参数bs依赖模板参数的构造

1.3    成员模板

类成员也可以是模板，嵌套类和成员函数都可以作为模板。下面通过Stack<>的赋值运算符来索命这种能力的应用方法。

template<typename T>
class Stack{
     ...
public:
     template<typename T2>
     Stack<T>& operator=(Stack<T2> const&);
};

template<typename T>
template<typename T2>
Stack<T>& Stack<T>::operator=(Stack<T2> const& op2)
{

     ...

}
//此处需要注意成员模板函数的声明和定义。
example1
template <typename T>
 template <typename T2>
Stack<T>& Stack<T>::operator= (Stack<T2> const& op2)
{
    if ((void*)this == (void*)&op2) {    // assignment to itself?
        return *this;
    }

    Stack<T2> tmp(op2);              // create a copy of the assigned stack

    elems.clear();                   // remove existing elements
    while (!tmp.empty()) {           // copy all elements
        elems.push_front(tmp.top());
        tmp.pop();
    }
    return *this;
}
        Stack<int>   intStack;       // stack of ints
        Stack<float> floatStack;     // stack of floats

        // manipulate int stack
        intStack.push(42);
        intStack.push(7);

        // manipulate float stack
        floatStack.push(7.7);

        // assign stacks of different type
        floatStack = intStack;
example 2
template <typename T, typename CONT>
 template <typename T2, typename CONT2>
Stack<T,CONT>&
Stack<T,CONT>::operator= (Stack<T2,CONT2> const& op2)
{
    if ((void*)this == (void*)&op2) {    // assignment to itself?
        return *this;
    }

    Stack<T2,CONT2> tmp(op2);        // create a copy of the assigned stack

    elems.clear();                   // remove existing elements
    while (!tmp.empty()) {           // copy all elements
        elems.push_front(tmp.top());
        tmp.pop();
    }
    return *this;
}

  Stack<int,std::vector<int> > vStack;
    //...
    vStack.push(42);
    vStack.push(7);
    std::cout << vStack.top() << std::endl;
    vStack.pop();

example 3:
 template <typename T, template <typename> class CONT>
void Stack<T,CONT>::push (T const& elem)
{
    elems.push_back(elem);    // append copy of passed elem
}