手动实现TensorFlow的训练过程：示例

参考文献：Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems

l2_reg = keras.regularizers.l2(0.05)
model = keras.models.Sequential([
    keras.layers.Dense(30, activation="elu", kernel_initializer="he_normal",
                       kernel_regularizer=l2_reg),
    keras.layers.Dense(1, kernel_regularizer=l2_reg)
])

n_epochs = 5
batch_size = 32
n_steps = len(X_train) // batch_size
optimizer = keras.optimizers.Nadam(lr=0.01)
loss_fn = keras.losses.mean_squared_error
mean_loss = keras.metrics.Mean()
metrics = [keras.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError()]

for epoch in range(1, n_epochs + 1):
    print("Epoch {}/{}".format(epoch, n_epochs))
    for step in range(1, n_steps + 1):
        X_batch, y_batch = random_batch(X_train_scaled, y_train)
        with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
            y_pred = model(X_batch)
            main_loss = tf.reduce_mean(loss_fn(y_batch, y_pred))
            a = main_loss
            b = model.losses
            loss = tf.add_n([main_loss] + model.losses)
        gradients = tape.gradient(loss, model.trainable_variables)
        optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables))
        for variable in model.variables:
            if variable.constraint is not None:
                variable.assign(variable.constraint(variable))
        c = loss
        mean_loss(loss)
        for metric in metrics:
            metric(y_batch, y_pred)
        print_status_bar(step * batch_size, len(y_train), mean_loss, metrics)
    print_status_bar(len(y_train), len(y_train), mean_loss, metrics)
    for metric in [mean_loss] + metrics:
        metric.reset_states()

由于模型中存在regularizer，model.losses是每层layer中的regularization loss。总的loss等于loss function + regularization loss。