#include <deque> #include <string> #include <stdexcept> //#include "stack1.hpp" #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <cstdlib> #include <vector> template <typename T> class Stack { private: std::vector < T > elems; // elements public: void push(T const&); // push element void pop(); // pop element T top() const; // return top element bool empty() const { // return whether the stack is empty return elems.empty(); } }; template <typename T> void Stack<T>::push (T const& elem) { elems.push_back(elem); // append copy of passed elem } template<typename T> void Stack<T>::pop () { if (elems.empty()) { throw std::out_of_range("Stack<>::pop(): empty stack"); } elems.pop_back(); // remove last element } template <typename T> T Stack<T>::top () const { if (elems.empty()) { throw std::out_of_range("Stack<>::top(): empty stack"); } return elems.back(); // return copy of last element } template<> class Stack<std::string> { private: std::deque<std::string> elems; // elements public: void push(std::string const&); // push element void pop(); // pop element std::string top() const; // return top element bool empty() const { // return whether the stack is empty return elems.empty(); } }; void Stack<std::string>::push (std::string const& elem) { elems.push_back(elem); // append copy of passed elem } void Stack<std::string>::pop () { if (elems.empty()) { throw std::out_of_range ("Stack<std::string>::pop(): empty stack"); } elems.pop_back(); // remove last element } std::string Stack<std::string>::top () const { if (elems.empty()) { throw std::out_of_range ("Stack<std::string>::top(): empty stack"); } return elems.back(); // return copy of last element } int main() { try { Stack<int> intStack; // stack of ints Stack<std::string> stringStack; // stack of strings // manipulate int stack intStack.push(7); std::cout << intStack.top() << std::endl; intStack.pop(); // manipulate string stack stringStack.push("hello"); std::cout << stringStack.top() << std::endl; stringStack.pop(); stringStack.pop(); } catch (std::exception const& ex) { std::cerr << "Exception: " << ex.what() << std::endl; return EXIT_FAILURE; // exit program with ERROR status } } /* 类模板的特化,通过特化类模板,可以优化给予某种特定类型的实现,或者克服某种特定类型在实例化类模板是出现的 不足。如果要特化一个类模板,就要特化该类模板的所有成员函数。 7 hello Exception: Stack<std::string>::pop(): empty stack 从上面代码的执行效果可以看出它调用执行了函数类模板的特化 */