HDU 5011-Game(博弈)

Problem Description

Here is a game for two players. The rule of the game is described below:

● In the beginning of the game, there are a lot of piles of beads.

● Players take turns to play. Each turn, player choose a pile i and remove some (at least one) beads from it. Then he could do nothing or split pile i into two piles with a beads and b beads.(a,b > 0 and a + b equals to the number of beads of pile i after removing)

● If after a player's turn, there is no beads left, the player is the winner.

Suppose that the two players are all very clever and they will use optimal game strategies. Your job is to tell whether the player who plays first can win the game.

 

Input

There are multiple test cases. Please process till EOF.

For each test case, the first line contains a postive integer n(n < 10 ⁵) means there are n piles of beads. The next line contains n postive integer, the i-th postive integer a _i(a _i < 2 ³¹) means there are a _i beads in the i-th pile.

 

Output

For each test case, if the first player can win the game, ouput "Win" and if he can't, ouput "Lose"

 

Sample Input

  
  

   
   1
1
2
1 1
3
1 2 3
  
  

 

Sample Output

  
  

   
   Win
Lose
Lose
  
  

                                                                     

题意：两个人轮流从n堆石子中的任意一堆拿石子，至少拿一个，拿完之后可以选择不操作或者将选择的这堆石子分成两堆。

思路：实际上分堆操作是可以忽略的，此题为 Nim 博弈~

            Note ：尼姆博弈

1、问题模型：有三堆各若干个物品，两个人轮流从某一堆取任意多的物品，规定每次至少取一个，多者不限，最后取光者得胜。

2、解决思路：用（a，b，c）表示某种局势，显证（0，0，0）是第一种奇异局势，无论谁面对奇异局势，都必然失败。第二种奇异局势是（0，n，n），只要与对手拿走一样多的物品，最后都将导致（0，0，0）。

  搞定这个问题需要把必败态的规律找出：(a,b,c)是必败态等价于a^b^c=0(^表示异或运算）。

  证明:(1)任何p(a,b,c)=0的局面出发的任意局面(a,b,c’);一定有p(a,b,c’)不等于0。否则可以得到c=c’。

      （2）任何p(a,b,c)不等于0的局面都可以走向 p(a,b,c)=0的局面

       (3）对于 (4,9,13) 这个容易验证是奇异局势 

             

       其中有两个8，两个4，两个1，非零项成对出现，这就是尼姆和为  零的本质。别人要是拿掉13里的8或者1，那你就拿掉对应的9  中的那个8或者1；别人要是拿        掉13里的4，你就拿掉4里的4；  别人如果拿掉13里的3，就把10作分解，然后想办法满 足非零项成对即可。

3、推广一：如果我们面对的是一个非奇异局势（a，b，c），要如何变为奇异局势呢？假设 a < b< c,我们只要将 c 变为 a^b,即可,因为有如下的运算结果: a^b^(a^b)=(a^a)^(b^b)=0^0=0。要将c 变为a^b，只从 c中减去 c-（a^b）

4、推广二：当石子堆数为n堆时，则推广为当对每堆的数目进行亦或之后值为零是必败态。

           CODE：

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
#include <queue>
#include <stack>
#include <vector>
#include <set>
#include <map>
const int inf=0xfffffff;
typedef long long ll;
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    int n;
    ll a, s;
    while(~scanf("%d", &n)){
        scanf("%I64d", &s);
        for(int i=1; i<n; i++){
            scanf("%I64d", &a);
            s ^= a;
        }
        if(!s) printf("Lose\n");
        else printf("Win\n");
    }
    return 0;
}