C++ Primer Plus 学习笔记 第十七章 cout

ios_base类会存储输出格式状态的信息（比如 输出间隔，小数点位数等） ios继承于ios_base ostream继承于ios

格式设置函数

hex()十六进制

oct()八进制

dec()十进制

abc()一万进制（骗你的）

使用的时候可以直接这样： cout << hex; 这样就设置输出为16进制的了

程序示例

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
  using namespace std;
  cout << "Enter an integer: ";
  int n;
  cin >> n;

  cout << "n    n*n\n";
  cout << n << "    " << n * n << "  (decimal)\n";
  cout << hex;
  cout << n << "    ";
  cout << n * n << "  (hexadecimal)\n";

  cout << oct << n << "    " << n * n << "  (octal)\n";
  dec(cout);
  cout << n << "    " << n * n << "  (decimal)\n";

  return 0;
}

调整字段宽度

width（）返回当前字段宽度

width(int i ) 设置指端宽度（i个空格）并且返回以前的字段宽度

只影响下一个项目 也就是说 输出

cout.width(12)

cout << 12 << 22 << '#';

这时候 宽度只有在12的前面显示。然后就1222#了  它不会一直持续保持宽度 一次性的

width() 是成员函数

程序示例

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
  using std::cout;
  int w = cout.width(30);
  cout << "default field width = " << w << ":\n";
  cout.width(5);
  cout << "N" << ':';
  cout.width(8);
  cout << "N * N" << ":\n";

  for(long i = 1; i <= 100; i *= 10)
  {
    cout.width(5);
    cout << i << ':';
    cout.width(8);
    cout << i * i << ":\n";
  }

  return 0;
}

字符填充

fill() 参数为指定用哪个字符填充未被使用的部分（只能是字符，不能使字符串）

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
  using std::cout;
  cout.fill('*');
  const char* staff[2] = {"waldo Whipsnade", "Wilmarie Wooper"};
  long bonus[2] = {900, 1350};

  for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
  {
    cout << staff[i] << ": $";
    cout.width(7);
    cout << bonus[i] << "\n";
  }

  return 0;
}

fill()一直有效 不是一次性的

 

设置显示位数 precision（） 是整体位数不是小数点位数哦

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
  using std::cout;
  float price1 = 20.40;
  float price2 = 1.9 + 8.0 / 9.0;

  cout << "\"Furry Friends\" is $" << price1 << "!\n";
  cout << "\"Furry Friends\" is $" << price2 << "!\n";

  cout.precision(2);
  cout << "\"Furry Friends\" is $" << price1 << "!\n";
  cout << "\"Furry Friends\" is $" << price2 << "!\n";

  return 0;
}

setf()设置末尾的0和小数点

定义了多个空值显示的多个常量

cout.setf(ios_base::showpoint（静态常量）) 显示6位数（包含整数部分）并显示末尾的0

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
  using std::cout;
  using std::ios_base;

  float price1 = 20.40;
  float price2 = 1.9 + 8.0 / 9.0;

  cout.setf(ios_base::showpoint);
  cout << "\"Furry Friends\" is $" << price1 << "!\n";
  cout << "\"Furry Friends\" is $" << price2 << "!\n";

  cout.precision(2);
  cout << "\"Furry Friends\" is $" << price1 << "!\n";
  cout << "\"Furry Friends\" is $" << price2 << "!\n";

  return 0;
}

第三行因为设置了位数 所以只能显示最前面的两位

每一位有特定的定义 不用去记哪一位的开关是啥作用的

setf()有两个原型

第一个 fmtflags setf(fmtflags)

程序示例

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
  using std::cout;
  using std::endl;
  using std::ios_base;

  int temperature = 63;
  cout << "Today's water temperature: ";
// 显示+号 10进制
  cout.setf(ios_base::showpos);
  cout << temperature << endl;

  cout << "Por our programming freinds, that's\n";
// 显示十六进制
  cout << std::hex << temperature << endl;
// 十六进制大写并且显示C风格标识
  cout.setf(ios_base::uppercase);
  cout.setf(ios_base::showbase);
  cout << "or\n";
  cout << temperature << endl;
  cout << "How " << true << "!  oops -- How ";
// 显示布尔值
  cout.setf(ios_base::boolalpha);
  cout << true << "!\n";
  return 0;
}

hex() 等于cout.setf(ios_base::hex, ios_base::basefield)

程序示例

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main()
{
  using namespace std;
// 左对齐
  cout.setf(ios_base::left, ios_base::adjustfield);
// 显示+号
  cout.setf(ios_base::showpos);
// 显示小数点
  cout.setf(ios_base::showpoint);
// 三位数
  cout.precision(3);
// 科学计数法 
  ios_base::fmtflags old = cout.setf(ios_base::scientific, ios_base::floatfield);
  cout << "Left Justification:\n";
  long n;
  for(n = 1; n <= 41; n += 10)
  {
    cout.width(4);
    cout << n << "|";
    cout.width(12);
    cout << sqrt(double(n)) << "|\n";
  }
//符号或前缀左对齐，值右对齐
  cout.setf(ios_base::internal, ios_base::adjustfield);
// 科学计数法
  cout.setf(old, ios_base::floatfield);
  
  cout << "Internal Justification:\n";
  for ( n = 1; n <41; n +=10)
  {
    cout.width(4);
    cout << n << "|";
    cout.width(12);
    cout << sqrt(double(n)) << "|\n";
  }
// 右对齐
  cout.setf(ios_base::right, ios_base::adjustfield);
// 定点计数 非科学计数
  cout.setf(ios_base::fixed, ios_base::floatfield);
  cout << "Right Justification:\n";
    for ( n = 1; n <41; n +=10)
  {
    cout.width(4);
    cout << n << "|";
    cout.width(12);
    cout << sqrt(double(n)) << "|\n";
  }

  return 0;
}

结果

可以使用void unsetf(fmtflags mask)消除setf()的效果 mask位模式 指定哪个位恢复为0

浮点数默认的位模式是 cout.setf(0, ios_base::floatfield) 将floatfield中的两个位都设置成0

或者用cout.unsetf(ios_base::floatfield)

使用头文件 iomanip

3个常用的控制符

setprecision() 设置精度，接受1个整形参数定位精度数

setfill()接受一个char类型字符指定填充符

setw()接受一个指定字段宽度的整数参数

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include <iomanip>

int main()
{
  using namespace std;
  cout << fixed << right;
// 设置宽度
  cout << setw(6) << "N" << setw(14) << "square root"
       << setw(15) << "fourth root\n";
  double root;
  for (int n = 10; n <= 100; n += 10)
  {
    root = sqrt(double(n));
// . ' ' 填充字符
    cout << setw(6) << setfill('.') << n << setfill(' ')
// 指定精度
         << setw(12) << setprecision(3) << root
         << setw(14) << setprecision(4) << sqrt(root)
         << endl;
  }

  return 0;
}

完结  卧槽 最后一小节这么多内容的么

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstdlib>

const int LIM = 20;
struct planet
{
  char name[LIM];
  double population;
  double g;
};

const char* file = "planets.dat";
inline void eatline() {while (std::cin.get() != '\n') continue;}

int main()
{
  using namespace std;
  planet pl;
  cout << fixed;

  fstream finout;
// 读写
  finout.open(file, ios_base::in | ios_base::out | ios_base::binary);
  int ct = 0;
  if (finout.is_open())
  {
// 输出流指针移到文件首
    finout.seekg(0);
    cout << "Here are the current contents of the "
         << file << " file:\n";
// 如果有内容就先读取出来
    while (finout.read((char*) &pl, sizeof pl))
    {
      cout << ct++ << ": " << setw(LIM) << pl.name << ": "
           << setprecision(0) << setw(12) << pl.population
           << setprecision(2) << setw(12) << pl.g << endl;
    }
// 判断是否到文件尾
    if (finout.eof())
      finout.clear();
    else{
      cerr << "Error in reading " << file << ".\n";
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
  }
  else
  {
    cerr << file << " could not be opened -- bye.\n";
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  cout << "Enter the record number you wish to change: ";
  long rec;
  cin >> rec;
  eatline();
  if (rec < 0 || rec >= ct)
  {
    cerr << "Invalid record number -- bye\n";
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
// 将输出指针移动到指定位置
  streampos place = rec * sizeof pl;
  finout.seekg(place);
  if (finout.fail())
  {
    cerr << "Error on attempted seek\n";
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
// 读取出指定位置的内容
  finout.read((char*) &pl, sizeof pl);
  cout << "Your selection:\n";
  cout << rec << ": " << setw(LIM) <<pl.name << ": "
       << setprecision(0) << setw(12) << pl.population
       << setprecision(2) << setw(6) << pl.g << endl;
  if(finout.eof())
    finout.clear();

  cout << "Enter planet name: ";
  cin.get(pl.name, LIM);
  eatline();
  cout << "Enter planetary population: ";
  cin >> pl.population;
  cout << "Enter planet's acceleration of gravity: ";
  cin >> pl.g;
// 将数据写入指定位置
  finout.seekp(place);
  finout.write((char *) &pl, sizeof pl) << flush;
  if(finout.fail())
  {
    cerr << "Error on attempted write\n";
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  ct = 0;
// 输出指针移动到文件首 然后把文件全部读取出来
  finout.seekg(0);
  cout << "Here are the new contents of the " << file
       << " file:\n";
  while(finout.read((char *) &pl, sizeof pl))
  {
    cout << ct++ << ": " << setw(LIM) << pl.name << ": "
         << setprecision(0) << setw(12) << pl.population
         << setprecision(2) << setw(6) << pl.g << endl;
  }
  finout.close();
  cout << "Done.\n";
  return 0;
}