Polymorphism is also called dynamic binding or late binding or runtime binding.(多态也称作动态绑定、后期绑定或运行时绑定)。也可以说,通过动态绑定实现了多态。
Java中除了static方法和final方法(private方法属于final方法)外,其他所有的方法都是后期绑定。注意,Constructors实际上是static方法。
一个多态的例子如下:
package polymorphism.shape;
public class Shape {
public void draw(){};
public void erase(){};
}
public class Circle extends Shape{
public void draw(){
System.out.println("Circle.draw()");
}
public void erase(){
System.out.println("Circle.erase()");
}
}
public class Square extends Shape{
public void draw(){
System.out.println("Square.draw()");
}
public void erase(){
System.out.println("Square.erase()");
}
}
public class Triangle extends Shape{
public void draw(){
System.out.println("Triangle.draw()");
}
public void erase(){
System.out.println("Triangle.erase()");
}
}
import java.util.Random;
public class RandomShapeGenerator {
private Random rand=new Random(47);
public Shape next(){
switch(rand.nextInt(3)){
default:
case 0:return new Circle();
case 1:return new Square();
case 2:return new Triangle();
}
}
}
public class Shapes {
private static RandomShapeGenerator gen=new RandomShapeGenerator();
public static void main(String [] args){
Shape [] sArray=new Shape[9];
for(int i=0;i<sArray.length;i++){
sArray[i]=gen.next();
}
//make polymorphism calls
for(Shape s:sArray){
s.draw();
}
}
}
一个运行结果为:
Triangle.draw()
Triangle.draw()
Square.draw()
Triangle.draw()
Square.draw()
Triangle.draw()
Square.draw()
Triangle.draw()
Circle.draw()
即
Shape s=new Circle(); //upcasting,创建派生类对象和基类引用
s.draw(); //调用基类方法(派生类已重写该方法),实际调用的是派生类的方法
要记住,方法重载(如改变参数、改变返回类型等)不是多态。除了继承同一个基类外,也可以通过实现同一个接口来实现多态。