linux下软raid的实现

raid是当前存储提高安全和性能的主要技术手段，实现raid一般用raid卡实现，也就是硬raid。除此之外，我们还可以用软件来实现raid技术。
这篇文章就简单介绍如何用软件实现raid技术（以raid0为例）。

有两个可以实现软raid的工具：raidtools, mdadm。
raidtool，这是在RHEL3中所使用的，但是我在RHEL4中没有找到raidtool,只有mdadm，看来RH也是偏向于使用mdadm的。
本文也以mdadm为例讲述。

一、查看当前硬盘情况
# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 14 1114 8843782+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 1115 1305 1534207+ 82 Linux swap

Disk /dev/sdb: 107 MB, 107374080 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 102 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes

Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table

Disk /dev/sdc: 107 MB, 107374080 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 102 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes

Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table

二、为硬盘分区
raid一般多个硬盘来组成，你也可以用同一个硬盘的多个分区组成raid，但这样是没有意义的。

# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,
until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous
content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-102, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-102, default 102):
Using default value 102

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
# fdisk /dev/sdc
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,
until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous
content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-102, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-102, default 102):
Using default value 102

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

此时硬盘的分区情况：
# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 14 1114 8843782+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 1115 1305 1534207+ 82 Linux swap

Disk /dev/sdb: 107 MB, 107374080 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 102 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 102 104432 83 Linux

Disk /dev/sdc: 107 MB, 107374080 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 102 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdc1 1 102 104432 83 Linux

三、创建raid0

# mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=raid0 --chunk=8 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1

四、格式化raid
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
# mkfs.ext3 /dev/md0
mke2fs 1.35 (28-Feb-2004)
max_blocks 213647360, rsv_groups = 26080, rsv_gdb = 256
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
52208 inodes, 208640 blocks
10432 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008
26 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2008 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801

Writing inode tables: done
inode.i_blocks = 3586, i_size = 67383296
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 26 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

五、挂载raid分区
# mount /dev/md0 /opt
# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 8.4G 5.7G 2.3G 73% /
/dev/sda1 99M 8.4M 86M 9% /boot
none 252M 0 252M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/hdc 161M 161M 0 100% /media/cdrom
/dev/md0 198M 5.8M 182M 4% /opt

六、查看raid的信息
# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 00.90.01
Creation Time : Sun Jul 8 22:54:28 2007
Raid Level : raid0
Array Size : 208640 (203.75 MiB 213.65 MB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent

Update Time : Sun Jul 8 22:54:29 2007
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0

Chunk Size : 8K

Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1
1 8 33 1 active sync /dev/sdc1
UUID : a86f0502:df5715c0:fd871bbc:9f75e0ad
Events : 0.1

七、生成mdadm配置文件
mdadm的缺省配置文件为/etc/mdadm.conf，它主要是为了方便阵列的日常管理而设置的，对于阵列而言不是必须的，但是为了减少日后管理中不必要的麻烦，还是应该坚持把这一步做完。

在mdadm.conf文件中要包含两种类型的行：一种是以DEVICE开头的行，它指明在阵列中的设备列表；另一种是以ARRAY开头的行，它详细地说明了阵列的名称、模式、阵列中活动设备的数目以及设备的UUID号。
我们可以用mdadm -Ds来得到mdadm.conf文件需要的信息：
# mdadm -Ds
ARRAY /dev/md0 level=raid0 num-devices=2 UUID=63f24968:d367038d:f207e458:9a803df9
devices=/dev/sdb1,/dev/sdc1

根据上面的信息编辑/etc/mdadm.conf，如下：
# more /etc/mdadm.conf
ARRAY /dev/md0 level=raid0 num-devices=2 UUID=63f24968:d367038d:f207e458:9a803df9
device /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1

如果不配置这个文件，在重启后尝试mount raid设备的时候会报错：
# mount /dev/md0 /opt
/dev/md0: Invalid argument
mount: /dev/md0: can't read superblock

八、设置开机自动挂载
为了让系统开机后能自动挂载raid设备，需要在/etc/fstab添加如下行：
vi /etc/fstab
/dev/md0 /opt ext3 defaults 0 0


至此，一个raid0就算配置完毕了。其他级别的raid也可以用类似的方法配置，具体可以看帮助。