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Connectionless Network Service (CLNS)
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Intro
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Based on OSI suite
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Layer 3 protocol is CLNP
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Originally developed for DECnet Phase V
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ES-IS Protocol
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Hosts are referred to as 'end systems'. Routers are 'Intermediate systems'
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ES-IS identifies the area prefix to end systems, creates adjacencies with ES's, and creates data link to network address mappings
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End system hellos are sent to well-know addresses by End systems to announce their presence
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routers transmit intermediate system hellos to well-known addresses
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ES's listen to ISH's and randomly pick an IS to forward all their packets
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Routers use IS-IS hellos (IIH's) to establish and maintain adjacencies between IS's
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Addressing
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Network service access point (NSAP) addresses - OSI address
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Area address
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Authority Format Identifier (AFI) - Typically set to 49
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IDI (initial domain identifier)
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High Order Domain Specific part
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IDI and HODSP typically combined to form an area address or 'prefix'
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system id
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6 bytes on cisco equipment
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MAC address is correct length and ensures uniqueness
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NSAP Selector (NSEL)
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one octet
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Identifies upper layer process, almost like a port in IP
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set to 0 for the router, or the device itself
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Network Entity Title (NET) is NSAP w/ NSEL set to 0
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example NET - 49.0001.0015.5e00.1234.00
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AFI of 49
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area 1
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systemID of 0015.5e00.1234
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NSEL of 0
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Subnetwork point of attachment (snpa)
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Layer 2 equivalent in OSI
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assigned by:
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MAC on Ethernet
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virtual circuit id on atm or x.35
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dlci on frame relay
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'hdlc' on hdlc devices
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circuit ID
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the actual interface
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1 octet
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for point-to-point, snpa is used
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on Ethernet, circuit ID is tagged onto the system ID of the designated IS to from a 7 byte LAN ID. Cisco uses the router hostname instead of circuit ID
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link - physical medium
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IS-IS routing
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Level 1 - Intra-area
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Enables ES's to communicate
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based on System ID's
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L1 routers are only aware of the routers in the area - they pass traffic destined for another area to the closest L1/L2 router. Note that this can result in asymmetrical routing and sub-optimal path selection
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Collects system ID's and adjacencies of all devices in the area and then uses spf to find the best path between devices
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Level 2 - Inter-area and backbone
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Based on Area ID's. System ID's are not considered
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L2 routers exchange area information and use spf to compute best paths
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Level 1-2 - Routers that sit on the boarder of an area
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form adjacencies on both levels
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maintain separate adjacencies and topology for both levels
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default route injected into the area by these routers
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Level 3 - Inter-domain routing
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not accomplished by IS-IS
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OSI specifies Inter-domain Routing Protocol - not implemented by cisco
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normally accomplished through BGP
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Designated router
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broadcast link is modeled as a pseudo-node that connects all attached routers in a star-shape
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pseudo-node is represented by the Designated IS
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Selection criteria
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highest priority
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default of 64
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configurable from 0 to 127 using isis priority pri [level-1 | level-2] interface command
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highest SNPA (MAC address on Ethernet)
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all routers establish adjacencies with all routers + the DIS. No backup DIS
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DIS can be preempted
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All routers just advertise adjacency with the pseudo-node - this includes the DIS
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hello interval is 3 times faster by default for DIS
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Route leaking
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helps avoid asymmetric routing and reduce sub-optimal routing by leaking L2 routes into L1
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route-leak bit set in TLV to prevent routing loops - L1/L2 router does not re-advertise leaked routes
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OSI routing table
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Routers synch their LSDB, then run spf for each level (L1 and L2)
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Once the routes to each IS are determined, partial route calculations are computed to each ES
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IP prefixes are treated as ES's and use PRCs
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OSI PDU's
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Layer 2 = data-link PDU
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Layer 3 = network PDU
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ES-IS and IS-IS use data-link PDU's
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Uses TLVs to carry information
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Types of PDU
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Hello PDU - establish and maintain adjacencies
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AllL1IIS MAC 0180.c200.0014
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AllL2IIS MAC 0180.c200.0015
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dead timer is product of hello multiplier and hello time
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default hello is 10 sec
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default multiplier is 3
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LSP (link state packet) - distributes link-state info
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header
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PDU type and length
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LSP ID
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LSP sequence number
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LSP's remaining lifetime (starts at 1200 seconds by default)
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TLV's
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router's neighbor ISs
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neighbor ESs
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Authentication information
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Attached IP subnets
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flooding
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LSP's are flodded to all adjacent nei except the one that sent it.
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lsp's are identified by the originator's system ID and an LSP fragment number (in case the LSP exceeds the MTU)
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LSP's with an invalid checksum are re-flooded with and expired lifetime age
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valid LSP's are acknowledged and given a lifetime of 1200 sec
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expired LSP's are kept 60 seconds and then flooded as expired
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Complete sequence number PDU (CSNP)
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transmitted between DIS and all neighbors to compare LSDB
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multicast every 10 seconds on LAN
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sent when link comes up on point to point
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Partial sequence number PDU (PSNP)
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used to acknowledge receipt of LSP's and to request transmission of missing or newer LSP's
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IS-IS in different network types
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point-to-point networks - IIH's are unicast
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broadcast networks - IIH's are multicast from the DIS
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NBMA
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IS-IS does not work in NBMA.
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configure point-to-point sub-interfaces.
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IOS automatically assumes a full mesh exists in broadcast mode
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be sure to use broadcast keyword when configuring static mappings to remote IPs through a local DLCI on frame relay so that multicast packets will be sent
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Configuring IS-IS
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clns routing - global and interface config commands (both needed)
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router isis [process tag] - global command
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net NET - router command sets the network entity title
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ip router isis [process tag] - interface config command
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enables IS-IS on that interface for adjacencies
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also enables advertisements of subnets on that interface, so must also be run on loopback interfaces (no network command exists in IS-IS)
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Change router level
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all routers are L1/L2 by default
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change with is-type {level-1 | level-1-2 | level-2-only} router config command
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for L1/L2 routers, you can also set each interface with the isis circuit-type interface config command
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Set the link metric
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all links have a metric of 10 by default
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isis metric metric {level-1 | level-2} interface command
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can be set from 1 to 63
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only cost is used by default, but delay, expense, and error are also implemented (although not by cisco)
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summarize routes with summary-address address mask [level-2 | level-2 | level-1-1] [tag tag] [metric metric] router configuration command. Level 2 is default if not specified
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Verifying and troubleshooting
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routing information
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show ip protocols - shows active routing protocols
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show ip route isis
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CLNS
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show clns
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show clns [process-tag] protocol
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sh clns interface
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sh clns neighbors
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troubleshooting
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show isis [process-tag] route - shows L1 routes
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sh clns route [nsap] - shows L2 routes
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sh isis [process-tag] database
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sh isis topology
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show isis spf-log
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debug isis adjacencies-packets
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debug isis spf-statistics
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debug isis update-packets
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Advantages and disadvantages
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Advantages
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groups all updates and sends them as one LSP - this makes it capable of scaling up to 1000 routers per area
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Partial Route Calculations reduce CPU usage
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converges faster than ospf using default timers
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easily extended through new TLVs
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disadvantages
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not optimized for IP like OSPF
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only one area type, unlike OSPF's stubby area's and such
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IS-IS metric defaults to 10 on all interfaces regardless of bandwidth
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expertise and documentation are harder to find for IS-IS
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Sources
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Cisco Press BSCI Authorized Self-study guide
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Sybex CCNP complete
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Cisco Press BSCI Official Exam Certification Guide
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LSDB的同步
OSPF分组
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IS-IS分组
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Hello
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Hello(ESH、ISH)
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DBD
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CSNP
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LSR
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PSNP
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LSU
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LSP(L1、L2)
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LSAck |
PSNP
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