Python中使用线程有两种方式:函数或者用类来包装线程对象。
函数式:调用thread模块中的start_new_thread()函数来产生新线程。语法如下:
thread.start_new_thread ( function, args[, kwargs] )
参数说明:
- function - 线程函数。
- args - 传递给线程函数的参数,他必须是个tuple类型。
- kwargs - 可选参数。
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import thread
import time
# 为线程定义一个函数
def print_time( threadName, delay):
count = 0
while count < 5:
time.sleep(delay)
count += 1
print "%s: %s" % ( threadName, time.ctime(time.time()) )
# 创建两个线程
try:
thread.start_new_thread( print_time, ("Thread-1", 2, ) )
thread.start_new_thread( print_time, ("Thread-2", 4, ) )
except:
print "Error: unable to start thread"
while 1:
pass
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import thread
import time
# 为线程定义一个函数
class Test(object):
def print_time(self, threadName, delay):
count = 0
while count < 5:
time.sleep(delay)
count += 1
print "%s: %s" % ( threadName, time.ctime(time.time()) )
test = Test()
# 创建两个线程
try:
thread.start_new_thread( test.print_time, ("Thread-1", 2) )
thread.start_new_thread( test.print_time, ("Thread-2", 4) )
except:
print "Error: unable to start thread"
while 1:
pass
执行以上程序输出结果如下:
Thread-1: Fri Mar 03 20:36:49 2017
Thread-2: Fri Mar 03 20:36:49 2017
Thread-1: Fri Mar 03 20:36:49 2017
Thread-1: Fri Mar 03 20:36:49 2017
Thread-2: Fri Mar 03 20:36:49 2017
Thread-1: Fri Mar 03 20:36:49 2017
Thread-1: Fri Mar 03 20:36:49 2017
Thread-2: Fri Mar 03 20:36:50 2017
Thread-2: Fri Mar 03 20:36:50 2017
Thread-2: Fri Mar 03 20:36:50 2017
线程的结束一般依靠线程函数的自然结束;也可以在线程函数中调用thread.exit(),他抛出SystemExit exception,达到退出线程的目的。
线程模块
Python通过两个标准库thread和threading提供对线程的支持。thread提供了低级别的、原始的线程以及一个简单的锁。
thread 模块提供的其他方法:
- threading.currentThread(): 返回当前的线程变量。
- threading.enumerate(): 返回一个包含正在运行的线程的list。正在运行指线程启动后、结束前,不包括启动前和终止后的线程。
- threading.activeCount(): 返回正在运行的线程数量,与len(threading.enumerate())有相同的结果。
除了使用方法外,线程模块同样提供了Thread类来处理线程,Thread类提供了以下方法:
- run(): 用以表示线程活动的方法。
- start():启动线程活动。
- join([time]): 等待至线程中止。这阻塞调用线程直至线程的join() 方法被调用中止-正常退出或者抛出未处理的异常-或者是可选的超时发生。
- isAlive(): 返回线程是否活动的。
- getName(): 返回线程名。
- setName(): 设置线程名。
使用Threading模块创建线程
使用Threading模块创建线程,直接从threading.Thread继承,然后重写__init__方法和run方法:
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import threading
import time
exitFlag = 0
class myThread (threading.Thread): #继承父类threading.Thread
def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.threadID = threadID
self.name = name
self.counter = counter
def run(self): #把要执行的代码写到run函数里面 线程在创建后会直接运行run函数
print "Starting " + self.name
print_time(self.name, self.counter, 5)
print "Exiting " + self.name
def print_time(threadName, delay, counter):
while counter:
if exitFlag:
thread.exit()
time.sleep(delay)
print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time()))
counter -= 1
# 创建新线程
thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1)
thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2)
# 开启线程
thread1.start()
thread2.start()
print "Exiting Main Thread"
以上程序执行结果如下;
Starting Thread-1Starting Thread-2
Exiting Main Thread
Thread-1: Fri Mar 03 20:46:52 2017
Thread-2: Fri Mar 03 20:46:53 2017
Thread-1: Fri Mar 03 20:46:53 2017
Thread-1: Fri Mar 03 20:46:54 2017
Thread-2: Fri Mar 03 20:46:55 2017
Thread-1: Fri Mar 03 20:46:55 2017
Thread-1: Fri Mar 03 20:46:56 2017
Exiting Thread-1
Thread-2: Fri Mar 03 20:46:57 2017
Thread-2: Fri Mar 03 20:46:59 2017
Thread-2: Fri Mar 03 20:47:01 2017
Exiting Thread-2
线程同步
如果多个线程共同对某个数据修改,则可能出现不可预料的结果,为了保证数据的正确性,需要对多个线程进行同步。
使用Thread对象的Lock和Rlock可以实现简单的线程同步,这两个对象都有acquire方法和release方法,对于那些需要每次只允许一个线程操作的数据,可以将其操作放到acquire和release方法之间。
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import threading
import time
class myThread (threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.threadID = threadID
self.name = name
self.counter = counter
def run(self):
print "Starting " + self.name
# 获得锁,成功获得锁定后返回True
# 可选的timeout参数不填时将一直阻塞直到获得锁定
# 否则超时后将返回False
threadLock.acquire()
print_time(self.name, self.counter, 3)
# 释放锁
threadLock.release()
def print_time(threadName, delay, counter):
while counter:
time.sleep(delay)
print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time()))
counter -= 1
threadLock = threading.Lock()
threads = []
# 创建新线程
thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1)
thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2)
# 开启新线程
thread1.start()
thread2.start()
# 添加线程到线程列表
threads.append(thread1)
threads.append(thread2)
# 等待所有线程完成
for t in threads:
t.join()
print "Exiting Main Thread"