把之前的备份都删除
RMAN> delete noprompt backup;
增量备份的原理
热备份只有rman支持增量备份
增量备份分为差异增量备份(differential)和累积增量备份(cumulative)
差异增量备份就 是当前到上一次无论是0级增量备份还是差异增量备份还是累积增量备份之间变化的数据，累积增量备份是当前到上一次0级增量备份之间变化的数据
差异和累积的区别就是能不能覆盖同级的增量备份，差异就是不能覆盖，累积就是能够覆盖
做一个0级增量备份
RMAN> backup incremental level=0 database;（周天晚上），如果从来没有做过增量备份那么无论level写几做的还是0级增量备份
模拟一些业务，看一下还有没有t表了
SYS@orcl>select * from t;
ID
----------
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
当前日志是第2组
SYS@orcl>select * from v$log;
GROUP# THREAD# SEQUENCE# BYTES BLOCKSIZE MEMBERS ARC STATUS FIRST_CHANGE# FIRST_TIME NEXT_CHANGE# NEXT_TIME
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --- ---------------- ------------- ------------------- ------------ -------------------
1 1 7 52428800 512 1 YES INACTIVE 1027916 2020-01-07 17:03:07 1049967 2020-01-10 11:36:05
2 1 8 52428800 512 1 NO CURRENT 1049967 2020-01-10 11:36:05 2.8147E+14 (null)
3 1 6 52428800 512 1 YES INACTIVE 1027659 2020-01-07 16:58:45 1027916 2020-01-07 17:03:07
SYS@orcl>insert into t values(10);
SYS@orcl>commit;
SYS@orcl>alter system switch logfile;
上面做了一个0级增量备份，现在模拟有了业务，现在做一下1级增量备份
RMAN> backup incremental level=1 database;（周一晚上），默认是差异增量备份（Oracle要对所有的数据块进行检查看哪些块被修改了，检查的时间会有点长）
看备份文件的名字可以看出来是0级备份还是1级备份
[oracle@oracle01 ~]$ ll /u01/app/fast_recovery_area/PROD/backupset/2020_01_10
total 296592
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 1130496 Jan 10 15:15 o1_mf_ncnn0_TAG20200110T151440_h1j943g5_.bkp
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 1130496 Jan 10 15:39 o1_mf_ncnn1_TAG20200110T153915_h1jbk6k9_.bkp
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 203325440 Jan 10 15:15 o1_mf_nnnd0_TAG20200110T151440_h1j9306r_.bkp
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 97296384 Jan 10 15:15 o1_mf_nnnd0_TAG20200110T151440_h1j9306w_.bkp
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 458752 Jan 10 15:39 o1_mf_nnnd1_TAG20200110T153915_h1jbk3cj_.bkp
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 172032 Jan 10 15:39 o1_mf_nnnd1_TAG20200110T153915_h1jbk3cm_.bkp
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 98304 Jan 10 15:15 o1_mf_nnsn0_TAG20200110T151440_h1j943fy_.bkp
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 98304 Jan 10 15:39 o1_mf_nnsn1_TAG20200110T153915_h1jbk6k4_.bkp
再插入一条数据
SYS@orcl>insert into t values(11);
SYS@orcl>commit;
SYS@orcl>alter system switch logfile;
RMAN> backup incremental level=1 database;（周二晚上）
插入一条数据
SYS@orcl>insert into t values(12);
SYS@orcl>commit;
SYS@orcl>alter system switch logfile;
现在要做一个累积增量备份
RMAN> backup incremental level=1 cumulative database;（周三晚上）
插入一条数据
SYS@orcl>insert into t values(13);
SYS@orcl>commit;
SYS@orcl>alter system switch logfile;
做1级差异备份
RMAN> backup incremental level=1 database;（周四晚上）
插入数据
SYS@orcl>insert into t values(14);
SYS@orcl>commit;
SYS@orcl>alter system switch logfile;
做一个累积增量备份
RMAN> backup incremental level=1 cumulative database;（周五晚上）
插入一条数据
SYS@orcl>insert into t values(15);
SYS@orcl>commit;
SYS@orcl>alter system switch logfile;
做一个差异增量备份
RMAN> backup incremental level=1 database;（周六晚上）
模拟数据库损坏，先预览一下恢复的时候会用到哪些备份
RMAN> list backup of database summary;
List of Backups
===============
Key TY LV S Device Type Completion Time #Pieces #Copies Compressed Tag
------- -- -- - ----------- --------------- ------- ------- ---------- ---
3142 B 0 A DISK 10-JAN-20 1 1 YES TAG20200110T151440
3143 B 0 A DISK 10-JAN-20 1 1 YES TAG20200110T151440
3194 B 1 A DISK 10-JAN-20 1 1 YES TAG20200110T153915
3195 B 1 A DISK 10-JAN-20 1 1 YES TAG20200110T153915
3230 B 1 A DISK 10-JAN-20 1 1 YES TAG20200110T154259
3231 B 1 A DISK 10-JAN-20 1 1 YES TAG20200110T154259
3268 B 1 A DISK 10-JAN-20 1 1 YES TAG20200110T154703
3269 B 1 A DISK 10-JAN-20 1 1 YES TAG20200110T154703
3308 B 1 A DISK 10-JAN-20 1 1 YES TAG20200110T154951
3309 B 1 A DISK 10-JAN-20 1 1 YES TAG20200110T154951
3350 B 1 A DISK 10-JAN-20 1 1 YES TAG20200110T155145
3351 B 1 A DISK 10-JAN-20 1 1 YES TAG20200110T155145
3394 B 1 A DISK 10-JAN-20 1 1 YES TAG20200110T155316
3395 B 1 A DISK 10-JAN-20 1 1 YES TAG20200110T155316
在Oracle中还看不出是累计增量备份还是差异增量备份，但是恢复的时候能看出来
RMAN> restore preview database;
Starting restore at 10-JAN-20
using channel ORA_DISK_1
using channel ORA_DISK_2
List of Backup Sets
===================
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
3143 Incr 0 193.90M DISK 00:00:33 10-JAN-20
BP Key: 3147 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: YES Tag: TAG20200110T151440
Piece Name: /u01/app/fast_recovery_area/PROD/backupset/2020_01_10/o1_mf_nnnd0_TAG20200110T151440_h1j9306r_.bkp
List of Datafiles in backup set 3143
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
1 0 Incr 1057798 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/system01.dbf
3 0 Incr 1057798 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/undotbs01.dbf
4 0 Incr 1057798 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/users01.dbf
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
3351 Incr 1 464.00K DISK 00:00:03 10-JAN-20
BP Key: 3356 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: YES Tag: TAG20200110T155145
Piece Name: /u01/app/fast_recovery_area/PROD/backupset/2020_01_10/o1_mf_nnnd1_TAG20200110T155145_h1jc8ksr_.bkp
List of Datafiles in backup set 3351
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
1 1 Incr 1059121 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/system01.dbf
3 1 Incr 1059121 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/undotbs01.dbf
4 1 Incr 1059121 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/users01.dbf
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
3394 Incr 1 72.00K DISK 00:00:03 10-JAN-20
BP Key: 3399 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: YES Tag: TAG20200110T155316
Piece Name: /u01/app/fast_recovery_area/PROD/backupset/2020_01_10/o1_mf_nnnd1_TAG20200110T155316_h1jccf08_.bkp
List of Datafiles in backup set 3394
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
1 1 Incr 1059190 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/system01.dbf
3 1 Incr 1059190 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/undotbs01.dbf
4 1 Incr 1059190 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/users01.dbf
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
3142 Incr 0 92.78M DISK 00:00:26 10-JAN-20
BP Key: 3146 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: YES Tag: TAG20200110T151440
Piece Name: /u01/app/fast_recovery_area/PROD/backupset/2020_01_10/o1_mf_nnnd0_TAG20200110T151440_h1j9306w_.bkp
List of Datafiles in backup set 3142
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
2 0 Incr 1057799 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/sysaux01.dbf
5 0 Incr 1057799 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/example01.dbf
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
3350 Incr 1 160.00K DISK 00:00:03 10-JAN-20
BP Key: 3355 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: YES Tag: TAG20200110T155145
Piece Name: /u01/app/fast_recovery_area/PROD/backupset/2020_01_10/o1_mf_nnnd1_TAG20200110T155145_h1jc8ksw_.bkp
List of Datafiles in backup set 3350
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
2 1 Incr 1059122 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/sysaux01.dbf
5 1 Incr 1059122 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/example01.dbf
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
3395 Incr 1 40.00K DISK 00:00:03 10-JAN-20
BP Key: 3400 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: YES Tag: TAG20200110T155316
Piece Name: /u01/app/fast_recovery_area/PROD/backupset/2020_01_10/o1_mf_nnnd1_TAG20200110T155316_h1jccf0g_.bkp
List of Datafiles in backup set 3395
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
2 1 Incr 1059191 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/sysaux01.dbf
5 1 Incr 1059191 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/example01.dbf
结论：会用到0级增量备份和最后一次累积增量备份和周六的差异增量备份
===================================
周五做了一次1级的累积增量备份，那么是不是周五之前的差异增量备份和累计增量备份都obsolete（废弃）了，其实没有oracle并没有将那些备份打上obsolete，
但是之前的SPFILE和CONTROLFILE都是obsolete状态了，可以验证一下做几次备份然后report obsolete就能看到了
=================================
现在模拟数据库损坏
RMAN> shutdown immediate;
数据文件都删了
[oracle@oracle01 ~]$ rm -f /u01/app/oradata/prod/example01.dbf /u01/app/oradata/prod/sysaux01.dbf /u01/app/oradata/prod/system01.dbf /u01/app/oradata/prod/undotbs01.dbf /u01/app/oradata/prod/users01.dbf
启动到mount阶段
RMAN> startup mount;
恢复数据库，restore只会应用0级增量备份
RMAN> restore database;
数据文件已经回来了
[oracle@oracle01 ~]$ ls /u01/app/oradata/prod/
backup control01.ctl example01.dbf online redo01.log redo02.log redo03.log sysaux01.dbf system01.dbf temp temp01.dbf undotbs01.dbf users01.dbf
到现在也可以到sqlplus命令中去恢复数据库，但是只会用到归档文件不会用到增量备份，因为增量备份sqlplus是无法识别的在rman中recovery用到的是增量备份，就是增量备份代替的归档日志
修复数据库
RMAN> recover database;
打开数据库
RMAN> alter database open;
SYS@orcl>select * from t;
ID
----------
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
ID
----------
12
13
14
15
如果没有做过增量备份那备份的时候无论指定几级都是0级增量备份
删除之前的备份
RMAN> delete noprompt backup;
RMAN> list backup;
specification does not match any backup in the repository
并行度改成1
RMAN> CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1;
做一个1级差异增量备份
RMAN> backup incremental level=1 database;
RMAN> list backup;
List of Backup Sets
===================
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
4274 Incr 0 290.59M DISK 00:00:28 10-JAN-20
BP Key: 4276 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: YES Tag: TAG20200110T175240
Piece Name: /u01/app/fast_recovery_area/PROD/backupset/2020_01_10/o1_mf_nnnd0_TAG20200110T175240_h1jlc8w0_.bkp
List of Datafiles in backup set 4274
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name
---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
1 0 Incr 1063425 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/system01.dbf
2 0 Incr 1063425 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/sysaux01.dbf
3 0 Incr 1063425 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/undotbs01.dbf
4 0 Incr 1063425 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/users01.dbf
5 0 Incr 1063425 10-JAN-20 /u01/app/oradata/prod/example01.dbf
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
4275 Incr 1 1.06M DISK 00:00:02 10-JAN-20
BP Key: 4277 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: YES Tag: TAG20200110T175240
Piece Name: /u01/app/fast_recovery_area/PROD/backupset/2020_01_10/o1_mf_ncsn1_TAG20200110T175240_h1jldf00_.bkp
SPFILE Included: Modification time: 10-JAN-20
SPFILE db_unique_name: PROD
Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 1063438 Ckp time: 10-JAN-20
[oracle@oracle01 ~]$ ll -h /u01/app/fast_recovery_area/PROD/backupset/2020_01_10
total 292M
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 1.1M Jan 10 17:53 o1_mf_ncsn1_TAG20200110T175240_h1jldf00_.bkp
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 291M Jan 10 17:53 o1_mf_nnnd0_TAG20200110T175240_h1jlc8w0_.bkp
现在其实就是0级增量备份，一个文件291MB
总结=========================================
1.完全脱机备份（要关机）
2.部分脱机备份（offline），但是system、undo表空间不能offline
3.部分联机备份（热备份），热备份都是要求归档模式
4.rman
oracle 10.2.0.3之前有一个缺点
rman备份的数据块是使用过的数据块，即使当前有的数据块没有数据也要备份，比如做一个0级增量备份有500M，删除一张100M的大表，那么再做0级增量备份也是500M，
还有一个缺点就是，做0级增量备份的时候要检查所有被使用过的数据块，做1级增量备份的时候也是要检查所有的数据块看有没有被修改过
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