truncate、delete、drop三者的区别

某日递简历，顺便和面试官亲密接触，被问及上面三个数据库操作的异同，用过delete，drop未用过truncate，网页搜索，初步认识。

DELETE

The DELETE command is used to remove rows from a table. A WHERE clause can be used to only remove some rows. If no WHERE condition is specified, all rows will be removed. After performing a DELETE operation you need to COMMIT or ROLLBACK the transaction to make the change permanent or to undo it. Note that this operation will cause all DELETE triggers on the table to fire.

SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM emp;

  COUNT(*)
----------
        14

SQL> DELETE FROM emp WHERE job = 'CLERK';

4 rows deleted.

SQL> COMMIT;

Commit complete.

SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM emp;

  COUNT(*)
----------
        10

TRUNCATE

TRUNCATE removes all rows from a table. The operation cannot be rolled back and no triggers will be fired. As such, TRUCATE is faster and doesn't use as much undo space as a DELETE.

SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE emp;

Table truncated.

SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM emp;

  COUNT(*)
----------
         0

DROP

The DROP command removes a table from the database. All the tables' rows, indexes and privileges will also be removed. No DML triggers will be fired. The operation cannot be rolled back.

SQL> DROP TABLE emp;

Table dropped.

SQL> SELECT * FROM emp;
SELECT * FROM emp
              *
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

DROP and TRUNCATE are DDL commands, whereas DELETE is a DML command. Therefore DELETE operations can be rolled back (undone), while DROP and TRUNCATE operations cannot be rolled back.

貌似在oracle中delete可以回滚，sql server是不是可以用事务实现。

DDL(数据定义语言)：create alter drop declare

DML(数据操纵语言)：select update insert delete

DCL(数据控制语言)：grant revoke commit rollback

相同点:

1.truncate和不带where子句的delete, 以及drop都会删除表内的数据。

2.drop，truncate都是DDL(数据定义语言)语句，执行后会自动提交。

不同点：

1. truncate和 delete只删除数据不删除表的结构(定义) 
   drop语句将删除表的结构被依赖的约束(constrain),触发器(trigger),索引(index); 依赖于该表的存储过程/函数将保留,但是变为invalid状态.

2.delete语句是dml,这个操作会放到rollback segement中,事务提交之后才生效;如果有相应的trigger,执行的时候将被触发. 
truncate,drop是ddl, 操作立即生效,原数据不放到rollback segment中,不能回滚. 操作不触发trigger. 

3.delete语句不影响表所占用的extent, 高水线(high watermark)保持原位置不动 
drop语句将表所占用的空间全部释放 
   truncate 语句缺省情况下见空间释放到 minextents个 extent,除非使用reuse storage; truncate会将高水线复位(回到最开始). 

4.速度,一般来说: drop> truncate > delete

5.安全性:

小心使用drop 和truncate,尤其没有备份的时候.使用上,想删除部分数据行用delete,注意带上where子句. 回滚段要足够大. 
想删除表,当然用drop ;想保留表而将所有数据删除. 如果和事务无关,用truncate即可. 如果和事务有关,或者想触发trigger,还是用delete. 
如果是整理表内部的碎片,可以用truncate跟上reuse stroage,再重新导入/插入数据

6.delete是DML语句，不会自动提交；drop，truncate都是DDL语句，执行后会自动提交