python全天视频（4）

1、忘记函数查看内置方法

>>> def func():pass
...
>>> func()
>>> abs(-1)
1
>>> abs()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: abs() takes exactly one argument (0 given)
>>> del abs
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'abs' is not defined
>>> abs(-1)
1
>>> abs(-1)
1

函数：类外面的函数定义叫做函数
方法：类内部定义的函数叫做方法

>>> def sum(a):
...     result = 0
...     for i in a:
...         result += i
...     return result
...
>>> sum([1,2,3])
6

2、求一个字符串中的字母个数函数，需判断传入参数的类型。必须使用Ascii来判断是否字母。

def count_letter_num(s):
    if not  isinstance(s,str):
        return None
    result = 0
    for i in s:
        if (ord(i) >=ord("a") and ord(i) <=ord("z"))\
              or  (ord(i) >=ord("A")  and ord(i)  <=ord("Z")):
            result +=1   
    return result
print("包含的字母数量：",count_letter_num("I am a boy!"))

>>> a=[1,2,3]
>>> print(a.sort())
None
>>> def print_sth(s):
...     "此函数用于打印"
...     print(s)
...
>>> print_sth("hi")
hi
>>> print_sth.__doc__
'此函数用于打印'
>>> help(print_sth)
Help on function print_sth in module __main__:

print_sth(s)
    此函数用于打印

>>>

3、查看当前所在的目录

C:\Users\sunqianli>python
Python 3.6.5 (v3.6.5:f59c0932b4, Mar 28 2018, 17:00:18) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import os
>>> os.getcwd
<built-in function getcwd>
>>> os.getcwd()
'C:\\Users\\sunqianli'
>>>

4、时间戳

>>> import time
>>> time.time()
1588899639.560228
>>> time.time()
1588899666.1685581
>>> time.time()
1588899667.3837376
>>> time.time()
1588899668.0774891
>>> time.time()
1588899668.5943825
>>> time.time()
1588899669.0782006

5、有参数函数-必备参数

#coding=utf-8
def changeNum(num):
    num+=1
    print(u"自定义函数中的num=",num)

#定义变量num,赋初始值为10
num=10
changeNum(num)
print(u"函数调用后num=",num)

a=100

def compute(a):
    a+=1
    print(a)#打印的是101

print(compute(a))
print(a)

a=[100,1000]

def compute(a):
    a.append(1)
    print(a)

print(compute(a))
print(a)

a=[1]

def compute(x):
    global a
    x.append(2)
    print(a)
    print(x)

print(compute(a))

不可变对象：所有的数字、字符串、元组
可变对象：set、dict、list、实例
参数传不可变对象的时候，函数内外变量值是独立的
参数传可变对象的时候，函数内外标量值是关联的。
在函数内部，使用global变量，会对外部变量有影响。

a=100

def compute():
    global a
    a+=1
compute()
print(a)

6、传不可不变对象

a=100
def  print_sth():
    global  a
    a+=1
print_sth()
print(a)

#coding=utf-8
def add_end(L=[]):
    L.append('END')
    return L

print(add_end([1,2,3]))#调用正常
print(add_end(['x','y','z']))#调用正常
print(add_end())#调用正常
print(add_end())#调用不正常
print(add_end())#调用不正常

#coding=utf-8
def add_end(L=None):
    if L is None:
        L=[]
    L.append('END')
    return L

print(add_end([1,2,3]))#调用正常
print(add_end(['x','y','z']))#调用正常
print(add_end())#调用正常
print(add_end())#调用不正常
print(add_end())#调用不正常

#coding=utf-8
def add(a,b=1,c=2):
    return a+b+c
print(add(1,2,3))
print(add(1,2))
print(add(1))

7、命名参数

>>> def add(a,b,c):
...     return a+b+c
...
>>> print(add(c=1,b=2,c=3))
  File "<stdin>", line 1
SyntaxError: keyword argument repeated
>>> print(add(c=1,b=2,a=3))
6
>>> print(add(2,3,c=1))
6
>>> print(add(2,b=3,c=1))
6
>>> print(add(b=3,c=1,a))
  File "<stdin>", line 1
SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument
>>>