APUE学习（一）基础知识

代码段一：

#include "apue.h"

#include <dirent.h>

int

main( int argc, char *argv[])

{

    DIR             *dp;

     struct dirent   *dirp;

     if (argc != 2)

         err_quit( "usage: ls directory_name");

     if ((dp = opendir(argv[ 1])) == NULL)

         err_sys( "can't open %s", argv[ 1]);

     while ((dirp = readdir(dp)) != NULL)

         printf( "%s \n ", dirp-> d_name);

     closedir(dp);

     exit( 0);

}

make后在../lib生成libapue.a,然后

gcc ls1.c    -L ../lib -lapue -I ../include/

连接库和头文件，可以模拟ls命令，

man 1 ls //查看命令都是man 1

exit()通常用0表示正常终止

代码段二：

#include "apue.h"

#define BUFFSIZE 4096

int main( void)

{

ssize_t n;

char buf[BUFFSIZE];

while((n= read(STDIN_FILENO,buf,BUFFSIZE))> 0)

{

if( write(STDOUT_FILENO,buf,n)!=n)

{

err_sys( "write error");

}

}

if(n< 0)

{

err_sys( "read error");

}

return 0;

}

gcc iotest.c -L ../lib -lapue -I ../include/

输入什么就得到什么输出

stdin,stdout,stderr是行缓冲的，回车刷新，可以使用>或>>重定向到文件

系统io是不带缓冲的，例如read,write,lseek,open,close

标准io是带缓冲的，例如fprint,fread,fwrite

代码段三：

#include "apue.h"

int

main( void)

{

     int     c;

     while ((c = getc(stdin)) != EOF)

         if ( putc(c, stdout) == EOF)

             err_sys( "output error");

     if ( ferror(stdin))

         err_sys( "input error");

     exit( 0);

}

效果同上

代码段4

#include "apue.h"

int

main( void)

{

     printf( "hello world from process ID %ld,parent process ID %ld \n ", ( long) getpid(),( long)( getppid()));

     exit( 0);

}

运行

sun@sun-PC:~/Downloads/linux/UNIX环境高级编程.tar/apue.3e/intro$ gcc hello.c -L ../lib/ -lapue -I ../include/
sun@sun-PC:~/Downloads/linux/UNIX环境高级编程.tar/apue.3e/intro$ ./a.out
hello world from process ID 13135,parent process ID 22719
sun@sun-PC:~/Downloads/linux/UNIX环境高级编程.tar/apue.3e/intro$ ps -aux |grep 22719
sun      13151  0.0  0.0  14540  1044 pts/0    S+   19:14   0:00 grep 22719
sun      22719  0.0  0.0  22940  4760 pts/0    Ss   16:47   0:00 /bin/bash

代码段5

#include "apue.h"

#include <sys/wait.h>

int

main( void)

{

     char    buf[MAXLINE];    /* from apue.h */

     pid_t   pid;

     int     status;

     printf( "%% ");   /* print prompt (printf requires %% to print %) */

     while ( fgets(buf, MAXLINE, stdin) != NULL) {

         if (buf[ strlen(buf) - 1] == ' \n ')

            buf[ strlen(buf) - 1] = 0; /* replace newline with null */

         if ((pid = fork()) < 0) {

             err_sys( "fork error");

        } else if (pid == 0) {       /* child */

             execlp(buf, buf, ( char *) 0);

             err_ret( "couldn't execute: %s", buf);

             exit( 127);

        }

         /* parent */

         if ((pid = waitpid(pid, &status, 0)) < 0)

             err_sys( "waitpid error");

         printf( "%% ");

    }

     exit( 0);

}

运行：

sun@sun-PC:~/Downloads/linux/UNIX环境高级编程.tar/apue.3e/intro$ ./a.out
% date
Tue May  1 19:46:56 CST 2018
% pwd
/home/sun/Downloads/linux/UNIX环境高级编程.tar/apue.3e/intro
% abcde
couldn't execute: abcde: No such file or directory
% sun@sun-PC:~/Downloads/linux/UNIX环境高级编程.tar/apue.3e/intro$

extern int execlp ( const char *__file, const char *__arg, ...)

execlp()会从PATH 环境变量所指的目录中查找符合参数file的文件名, 找到后便执行该文件, 然后将第二个以后的参数当做该文件的argv[0]、argv[1]……, 最后一个参数必须用空指针(NULL)作结束，例如

execlp("ls","ls","-al","/zhmc",(char *)0);

waitpid(pid_t pid,int* status,int option);阻塞等待进程号为pid的子线程结束，并回收进程号等资源

代码段6

#include "apue.h"

#include <errno.h>

int

main( int argc, char *argv[])

{

     fprintf(stderr, "EACCES: %s \n ", strerror(EACCES));

    errno = ENOENT;

     perror(argv[ 0]);

     exit( 0);

}

运行

sun@sun-PC:~/Downloads/linux/UNIX环境高级编程.tar/apue.3e/intro$ gcc testerror.c -L ../lib/ -lapue -I ../include/
sun@sun-PC:~/Downloads/linux/UNIX环境高级编程.tar/apue.3e/intro$ ./a.out
EACCES: Permission denied
./a.out: No such file or directory

int fprintf (FILE* stream, const char*format, [argument])

char*  strerror(int erorno);

void perror(char*);

代码段7

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>

int main(void)
{
        uid_t uid=getuid();
        gid_t gid=getgid();
        printf("uid:%d,gid:%d\n",(int)uid,(int)gid);
        return 0;
}

运行:

[root@localhost apue]# ./a.out
uid:0,gid:0
[root@localhost apue]# su sun
[sun@localhost apue]$ ./a.out
uid:500,gid:500

代码段8

#include "apue.h"

#include <sys/wait.h>

static void  sig_int( int);        /* our signal-catching function */

int

main( void)

{

     char    buf[MAXLINE];    /* from apue.h */

     pid_t   pid;

     int     status;

     if ( signal(SIGINT, sig_int) == SIG_ERR)

         err_sys( "signal error");

     printf( "%% ");   /* print prompt (printf requires %% to print %) */

     while ( fgets(buf, MAXLINE, stdin) != NULL) {

         if (buf[ strlen(buf) - 1] == ' \n ')

            buf[ strlen(buf) - 1] = 0; /* replace newline with null */

         if ((pid = fork()) < 0) {

             err_sys( "fork error");

        } else if (pid == 0) {       /* child */

             execlp(buf, buf, ( char *) 0);

             err_ret( "couldn't execute: %s", buf);

             exit( 127);

        }

         /* parent */

         if ((pid = waitpid(pid, &status, 0)) < 0)

             err_sys( "waitpid error");

         printf( "%% ");

    }

     exit( 0);

}

void

sig_int( int signo)

{

     printf( "interrupt \n %% ");

}

其中signal()如下

#include "apue.h"

/* Reliable version of signal(), using POSIX sigaction(). */

Sigfunc *

signal( int signo, Sigfunc *func)

{

     struct sigaction    act, oact;

    act. sa_handler = func;

     sigemptyset(&act. sa_mask);

    act. sa_flags = 0;

     if (signo == SIGALRM) {

#ifdef    SA_INTERRUPT

        act. sa_flags |= SA_INTERRUPT;

#endif

    } else {

        act. sa_flags |= SA_RESTART;

    }

     if ( sigaction(signo, &act, &oact) < 0)

         return(SIG_ERR);

     return(oact. sa_handler);

}

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