Scala学习—模式匹配

scala的模式匹配除了可以对值进行匹配之外，还可以对类型进行匹配、对Array和LIst的元素进行匹配、对case class进行匹配、甚至对有值或没值（Option）进行匹配。

scala是没有java中的switch case语法的，相对应的，scala提供了更加强大的match case语法，即模式匹配，替代switch case，match case也被称为模式匹配

scala的match case与java的switch case可以匹配各种情况，比如变量的类型、集合的元素、有值或无值

match case的语法如下，变量 match { case 值 => 代码}。如果值为下划线，则代表了不满足以上所有情况下的默认情况如何处理。此外，match case中，只要一个case分支满足并处理了，就不会继续判断下一个case分支了。

//案例：成绩评价

def judgeGrade(grade:String) {

grade match {

case "A" => println("Excellent")

case "B" => println("good")

case "C" => println("Just so so")

case _ => println("your need work harder")

}

}

在模式匹配中使用if守卫

//scala的模式匹配语法，有一个特点在于，可以在case后的条件判断中，不仅仅只是提供一个值，而是可以在值后再加一个if守卫，进行双重过滤

//案例：成绩评价（升级版）

def judgeGrade(name:String,grade:String) {

grade match {

case "A" => println(name + "you are Excellent")

case "B" => println(name + "you are good")

case "C" => println(name + "you are just so so")

case _ if name=="leo" => println(name + ",your are a good boy, come on")

case _grade => println("you need to work harde")

}

}

在模式匹配中进行变量赋值

scala的模式匹配语法，有一个特点在于，可以将模式匹配的默认情况，下划线，替换为一个变量名，此时模式匹配语法就会将要匹配的值赋值给这个变量，从而可以在后面的处理语句中使用要匹配的值

def judgeGrade(name:String,grade:String) {

grade match {

case "A" => println(name + "you are Excellent")

case "B" => println(name + "you are good")

case "C" => println(name + "you are just so so")

case _grade if name=="leo" => println(name + ",your are a good boy, come on,your grade is " + _grade)

case _grade => println("you need to work harder,your grade is " + _grade)

}

}

对类型进行模式匹配

scala的模式匹配一个强大之处就在于，可以直接匹配类型，而不是值！

语法：case 变量 => 代码

案例：异常处理

import java.io._

def processException(e : Exception) {

e match {

case e1:IllegalArgumentException => println("you have illegal arguments! exception is :" + e1)

case e2:FileNotFoundException => println("cannot find the file you need read or write! exception is :" + e2)

case e3:IOException => println("you got an error while you were doing IO operation!! exception is :" + e3)

case _:Exception => println("cannot know which exception you have!")

}

}

对Array和List进行模式匹配

对Array进行模式匹配，分别可以匹配带有指定元素的数组、带有指定个数元素的数组、以某元素打头的数组

对List进行模式匹配，与Array类似，但是需要使用List特有的::操作符

案例：对朋友打招呼

def greeting(arr:Array[String]) {

arr match {

case Array("leo") => println("Hi, Leo!")

case Array(girl1, girl2, girl3) => println("Hi, girls, nice to meet you." + girl1 + " and " + girl2 + " and " + girl3)

case Array("Leo",_*) => println("Hi,Leo,please introduce your friends to me.")

case _=> println("hey,who are you?")

}

def greeting(list:List(String)) {

list match {

case "Leo"::Nil => println("Hi,Leo!")

case girl1::girl2::girl3::Nil => println("Hi, girls, nice to meet you." + girl1 + " and " + girl2 + " and " + girl3)

case "Leo"::tail => println("Hi,Leo,please introduce your friends to me.")

case _=> println("hey,who are you?")

}

}

}

case class与模式匹配

scala中提供了一种特殊的类，用case class进行声明。case class其实有点类似于java中的JavaBean的概念。即只定义field，并且由Scala编译时自动提供getter和setter方法，但是没有method

case class的主构造函数接收的参数通常不需要使用var或val修饰，scala自动就会使用val修饰

scala自动为case class定义了伴生对象，也就是object，并且定义了apply()方法，该方法接收主构造函数中相同的参数，并返回case class对象

案例：学校门禁

class Person

case class Teacher(name:String, subject:String) extends Person

case class Student(name:String, classroom:String) extends Person

def judgeIdentify(p: Person) {

p match {

case Teacher(name,subject) => println("Teacher,name is " + name + ",subject is " + subject)

case Student(name,classroom) => println("Student,name is" + name + ",classroom is " + classroom)

case _=> println("Illegal access, please go out of the school")

}

}

Option与模式匹配

scala有一种特殊的类型，叫做Option。Option有两种值，一种是Some，表示有值，一种是None，表示没有值。

Option通常会用于模式匹配中，用于判断某个变量是有值还是没有值，这比null来的更加简洁明了

案例：成绩查询

val grades = Map("Leo"->"A","Jack"->"B","Jen"->"C")

def getGrade(name:String) {

val grade = grades.get(name)

grade match {

case Some(grade) => println("your grade is " + grade)

case None => println("Sorry,your grade information is not in the system")

}

}