源码解析SharedPreferences你不知道的缺点

学习目标：

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源码解析SharedPreferences缺点
ps:中文注释很关键！

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学习内容：

SharedPreferences,是以键值对的方式存储在xml格式的文件里，通常我们的调用方式如下:

SharedPreferences sharedPreferences = getSharedPreferences("status",MODE_PRIVATE);
SharedPreferences.Editor editor = sharedPreferences.edit();
editor.putBoolean("login",true);
editor.commit();

我们这个getSharedPreferences就获得了SharedPreferences 对象，然后就可以操作读写文件了。
我们通过源码的方式来看这个方法

public interface SharedPreferences {
    /**
     * Interface definition for a callback to be invoked when a shared
     * preference is changed.
     */
}

可以看到SharedPreferences 首先是个接口，那肯定有它的实现类来实现操作文件，所以要找到它的实现类。

final class SharedPreferencesImpl implements SharedPreferences {
........
	SharedPreferencesImpl(File file, int mode) {
        mFile = file;
        mBackupFile = makeBackupFile(file);
        mMode = mode;
        mLoaded = false;
        mMap = null;
        mThrowable = null;
        //从磁盘加载对应file文件的xml文件内容
        startLoadFromDisk();
    }
    private void startLoadFromDisk() {
        synchronized (mLock) {
            mLoaded = false;
        }
        new Thread("SharedPreferencesImpl-load") {
            public void run() {
                loadFromDisk();
            }
        }.start();
    }

    private void loadFromDisk() {
        synchronized (mLock) {
            if (mLoaded) {
                return;
            }
            if (mBackupFile.exists()) {
                mFile.delete();
                mBackupFile.renameTo(mFile);
            }
        }

        // Debugging
        if (mFile.exists() && !mFile.canRead()) {
            Log.w(TAG, "Attempt to read preferences file " + mFile + " without permission");
        }
		//看这里，这里就是IO操作了，但一般IO操作就很卡，所以这是它
		//慢的一部分原因
        Map<String, Object> map = null;
        StructStat stat = null;
        Throwable thrown = null;
        try {
            stat = Os.stat(mFile.getPath());
            if (mFile.canRead()) {
                BufferedInputStream str = null;
                try {
                    str = new BufferedInputStream(
                            new FileInputStream(mFile), 16 * 1024);
                    //解析xml,然后在转换成hashmap        
                    map = (Map<String, Object>) XmlUtils.readMapXml(str);
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    Log.w(TAG, "Cannot read " + mFile.getAbsolutePath(), e);
                } finally {
                    IoUtils.closeQuietly(str);
                }
            }
        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
            // An errno exception means the stat failed. Treat as empty/non-existing by
            // ignoring.
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            thrown = t;
        }

        synchronized (mLock) {
            mLoaded = true;
            mThrowable = thrown;

            // It's important that we always signal waiters, even if we'll make
            // them fail with an exception. The try-finally is pretty wide, but
            // better safe than sorry.
            try {
                if (thrown == null) {
                    if (map != null) {
                        mMap = map;
                        mStatTimestamp = stat.st_mtim;
                        mStatSize = stat.st_size;
                    } else {
                        mMap = new HashMap<>();
                    }
                }
                // In case of a thrown exception, we retain the old map. That allows
                // any open editors to commit and store updates.
            } catch (Throwable t) {
                mThrowable = t;
            } finally {
                mLock.notifyAll();
            }
        }
    }

    static File makeBackupFile(File prefsFile) {
        return new File(prefsFile.getPath() + ".bak");
    }
.........
}

所以从上面看出SharedPreferences 首先它使用流的操作读取xml文件，然后需要进行xml解析，现在只是读写，我们再来看它是怎么写入的，我们通过最后调用editor.commit();实现写入文件，所以我们从这里看

@Override
        public boolean commit() {
            long startTime = 0;

            if (DEBUG) {
                startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
            }

            MemoryCommitResult mcr = commitToMemory();
			//通过线程写入文件
            SharedPreferencesImpl.this.enqueueDiskWrite(
                mcr, null /* sync write on this thread okay */);
            try {
                mcr.writtenToDiskLatch.await();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                return false;
            } finally {
                if (DEBUG) {
                    Log.d(TAG, mFile.getName() + ":" + mcr.memoryStateGeneration
                            + " committed after " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime)
                            + " ms");
                }
            }
            notifyListeners(mcr);
            return mcr.writeToDiskResult;
        }

 /**
     * Enqueue an already-committed-to-memory result to be written
     * to disk.
     *
     * They will be written to disk one-at-a-time in the order
     * that they're enqueued.
     *
     * @param postWriteRunnable if non-null, we're being called
     *   from apply() and this is the runnable to run after
     *   the write proceeds.  if null (from a regular commit()),
     *   then we're allowed to do this disk write on the main
     *   thread (which in addition to reducing allocations and
     *   creating a background thread, this has the advantage that
     *   we catch them in userdebug StrictMode reports to convert
     *   them where possible to apply() ...)
     */
    private void enqueueDiskWrite(final MemoryCommitResult mcr,
                                  final Runnable postWriteRunnable) {
        final boolean isFromSyncCommit = (postWriteRunnable == null);

        final Runnable writeToDiskRunnable = new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    synchronized (mWritingToDiskLock) {
                        writeToFile(mcr, isFromSyncCommit);
                    }
                    synchronized (mLock) {
                        mDiskWritesInFlight--;
                    }
                    if (postWriteRunnable != null) {
                        postWriteRunnable.run();
                    }
                }
            };

        // Typical #commit() path with fewer allocations, doing a write on
        // the current thread.
        if (isFromSyncCommit) {
            boolean wasEmpty = false;
            synchronized (mLock) {
                wasEmpty = mDiskWritesInFlight == 1;
            }
            if (wasEmpty) {
                writeToDiskRunnable.run();
                return;
            }
        }

        QueuedWork.queue(writeToDiskRunnable, !isFromSyncCommit);
    }

private void writeToFile(MemoryCommitResult mcr, boolean isFromSyncCommit) {
        long startTime = 0;
        long existsTime = 0;
        long backupExistsTime = 0;
        long outputStreamCreateTime = 0;
        long writeTime = 0;
        long fsyncTime = 0;
        long setPermTime = 0;
        long fstatTime = 0;
        long deleteTime = 0;

        if (DEBUG) {
            startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        }

        boolean fileExists = mFile.exists();

        if (DEBUG) {
            existsTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

            // Might not be set, hence init them to a default value
            backupExistsTime = existsTime;
        }

        // Rename the current file so it may be used as a backup during the next read
        if (fileExists) {
            boolean needsWrite = false;

            // Only need to write if the disk state is older than this commit
            if (mDiskStateGeneration < mcr.memoryStateGeneration) {
                if (isFromSyncCommit) {
                    needsWrite = true;
                } else {
                    synchronized (mLock) {
                        // No need to persist intermediate states. Just wait for the latest state to
                        // be persisted.
                        if (mCurrentMemoryStateGeneration == mcr.memoryStateGeneration) {
                            needsWrite = true;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            if (!needsWrite) {
                mcr.setDiskWriteResult(false, true);
                return;
            }

            boolean backupFileExists = mBackupFile.exists();

            if (DEBUG) {
                backupExistsTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
            }

            if (!backupFileExists) {
                if (!mFile.renameTo(mBackupFile)) {
                    Log.e(TAG, "Couldn't rename file " + mFile
                          + " to backup file " + mBackupFile);
                    mcr.setDiskWriteResult(false, false);
                    return;
                }
            } else {
                mFile.delete();
            }
        }

        // Attempt to write the file, delete the backup and return true as atomically as
        // possible.  If any exception occurs, delete the new file; next time we will restore
        // from the backup.
        //可以看我们这里又使用了IO流,又是耗时操作。
        try {
            FileOutputStream str = createFileOutputStream(mFile);

            if (DEBUG) {
                outputStreamCreateTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
            }

            if (str == null) {
                mcr.setDiskWriteResult(false, false);
                return;
            }
            //这里还要通过xml工具类，转化成xml文件语法，又一段耗时
            XmlUtils.writeMapXml(mcr.mapToWriteToDisk, str);

            writeTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

            FileUtils.sync(str);

            fsyncTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

            str.close();
            ContextImpl.setFilePermissionsFromMode(mFile.getPath(), mMode, 0);

            if (DEBUG) {
                setPermTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
            }

            try {
                final StructStat stat = Os.stat(mFile.getPath());
                synchronized (mLock) {
                    mStatTimestamp = stat.st_mtim;
                    mStatSize = stat.st_size;
                }
            } catch (ErrnoException e) {
                // Do nothing
            }

            if (DEBUG) {
                fstatTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
            }

            // Writing was successful, delete the backup file if there is one.
            mBackupFile.delete();

            if (DEBUG) {
                deleteTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
            }

            mDiskStateGeneration = mcr.memoryStateGeneration;

            mcr.setDiskWriteResult(true, true);

            if (DEBUG) {
                Log.d(TAG, "write: " + (existsTime - startTime) + "/"
                        + (backupExistsTime - startTime) + "/"
                        + (outputStreamCreateTime - startTime) + "/"
                        + (writeTime - startTime) + "/"
                        + (fsyncTime - startTime) + "/"
                        + (setPermTime - startTime) + "/"
                        + (fstatTime - startTime) + "/"
                        + (deleteTime - startTime));
            }

            long fsyncDuration = fsyncTime - writeTime;
            mSyncTimes.add((int) fsyncDuration);
            mNumSync++;

            if (DEBUG || mNumSync % 1024 == 0 || fsyncDuration > MAX_FSYNC_DURATION_MILLIS) {
                mSyncTimes.log(TAG, "Time required to fsync " + mFile + ": ");
            }

            return;
        } catch (XmlPullParserException e) {
            Log.w(TAG, "writeToFile: Got exception:", e);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            Log.w(TAG, "writeToFile: Got exception:", e);
        }

        // Clean up an unsuccessfully written file
        if (mFile.exists()) {
            if (!mFile.delete()) {
                Log.e(TAG, "Couldn't clean up partially-written file " + mFile);
            }
        }
        mcr.setDiskWriteResult(false, false);
    }

从上面看出写入xml写入的时候打开IO流，又要把内容转换成xml语法，所以这里又耗时。
我们在IO流里看到的都是FileOutputStream,所以耗时的元凶也是它，我们一般通过这段代码fileOutputStream.write();写文件，我们来看一下这个方法的源码

/**
     * Writes the specified byte to this file output stream. Implements
     * the <code>write</code> method of <code>OutputStream</code>.
     *
     * @param      b   the byte to be written.
     * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
     */
    public void write(int b) throws IOException {
        // Android-changed: Write methods delegate to write(byte[],int,int) to share Android logic.
        write(new byte[] { (byte) b }, 0, 1);
    }
/**
     * Writes <code>b.length</code> bytes from the specified byte array
     * to this file output stream.
     *
     * @param      b   the data.
     * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
     */
    public void write(byte b[]) throws IOException {
        // Android-changed: Write methods delegate to write(byte[],int,int) to share Android logic.
        write(b, 0, b.length);
    }
/**
     * Writes <code>len</code> bytes from the specified byte array
     * starting at offset <code>off</code> to this file output stream.
     *
     * @param      b     the data.
     * @param      off   the start offset in the data.
     * @param      len   the number of bytes to write.
     * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
     */
    public void write(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
        // Android-added: close() check before I/O.
        if (closed && len > 0) {
            throw new IOException("Stream Closed");
        }

        // Android-added: Tracking of unbuffered I/O.
        tracker.trackIo(len);

        // Android-changed: Use IoBridge instead of calling native method.
        //这里我们看到这个方法IoBridge,这就是最后写入数据的方法，我们理解了这个就好办了
        IoBridge.write(fd, b, off, len);
    }

我们这里发现发现了一个IoBridge,我们来画一张图方便理解这个类。

从图中可以看出我们要从用户空间转到内核空间，需要通过系统调用来完成。比如，当我们查看文件内容时，就需要多次系统调用来完成：首先调用 open() 打开文件，然后调用 read() 读取文件内容，并调用 write() 将内容写到标准输出，最后再调用 close() 关闭文件，过程中cpu会发生两次中断，底层帮我们实现了太多，这也就是为什么sharedPreferences卡顿的主要原因。