三种主要的Bean装配机制:在xml中进行显式配置,在java中进行显式配置,隐式的bean发现机制和自动装配——建议优先使用自动装配,当你必须要显式配置bean的时候(比如,有些源码不是由你来维护的,而当你需要为这些代码配置bean的时候),我推荐使用类型安全并且比XML更加强大的JavaConfig。只有当你想要使用便利的XML命名空间,并且在JavaConfig中没有同样的实现时,才应该使用XML
自动装配:
在类上添加@Component,表名该类会作为组件使用;在控制类中添加@ComponentScan,此注释默认会扫描与配置类相同的包;要进行自动装配,借助Spring的@Autowired注解
- 创建接口:
package com.Jaziel.Service;
public interface userService {
public void save();
}
- 创建一个实现:
package com.Jaziel.Service.impl;
import com.Jaziel.Service.userService;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
//@Component("userService")
@Service("userService")
public class userServiceImpl implements userService {
@Override
public void save() {
System.out.println("userService is running.....");
}
}
- 显式配置一下Spring,从而命令它去寻找带有@Component注解的类,并为其创建bean:
package com.Jaziel.config;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.*;
// 指定当前的类是配置类
@Configuration
// 指定组件扫描的基础包
@ComponentScan("com.Jaziel")
public class SpringConfiguration {
}
其中组件扫描也可以通过 xml 文件配置:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<!--配置组件扫描-->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.Jaziel"/>
</beans>
- 测试组件扫描的功能,创建一个简单的JUnit测试,它会创建Spring上下文,并判断CompactDisc是不是真的创建出来了
package com.Jaziel.test;
import com.Jaziel.Service.impl.userServiceImpl;
import com.Jaziel.config.SpringConfiguration;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner;
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
//@ContextConfiguration("classpath:applicationContext.xml")
@ContextConfiguration(classes = {SpringConfiguration.class})
public class SpringTest {
// 添加注解,实现自动装配
@Autowired
private userService userService;
@Test
public void test() {
userService.save();
}
}
尽管在很多场景下通过组件扫描和自动装配实现Spring的自动化扫描配置是更为推荐的方式,但在有些情况下自动化扫描的方案行不通,如想要将第三方库中的组件装配到自己的应用中。在这种情况下必须通过显示装配的方式。显示装配有两种可选方案:Java代码和XML
java代码装配:
添加@Configuration注解,@Configuration注解表明这个类是一个配置类;使用@Bean返回一个对象,该对象要注册为Spring应用上下文的bean;在JavaConfig中装配bean的最简单方式就是引用创建bean的方法,也可以将要声明的类作为参数
- 创建接口
package com.itheima.dao;
public interface UserDao {
void save();
}
package com.itheima.service;
public interface UserService {
void save();
}
- 创建实现
package com.itheima.dao.impl;
import com.itheima.dao.UserDao;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
@Override
public void save() {
System.out.println("save running...");
}
}
package com.itheima.service.impl;
import com.itheima.dao.UserDao;
import com.itheima.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
private UserDao userDao;
@Autowired
public UserServiceImpl(UserDao userDao) {
this.userDao = userDao;
}
@Override
public void save() {
userDao.save();
}
}
- 声明简单的bean
@Bean
public UserDao userDaoImpl(){
return new UserDaoImpl();
}
- 借助
javaConfig
实现注入
package com.itheima.config;
import com.itheima.dao.UserDao;
import com.itheima.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl;
import com.itheima.service.impl.UserServiceImpl;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
// 指定当前的类是配置类
@Configuration
public class SpringConfiguration {
// 借助JavaConfig注入
/* 此处是利用bean进行注入
@Bean
public UserServiceImpl userServiceImpl(){
return new UserServiceImpl(userDaoImpl());
}*/
@Bean
public UserServiceImpl userServiceImpl(UserDao userDao){
return new UserServiceImpl(userDao);
}
// 声明简单的bean
@Bean
public UserDao userDaoImpl(){
return new UserDaoImpl();
}
}
- 测试
package com.itheima.controller;
import com.itheima.config.SpringConfiguration;
import com.itheima.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
@Controller
public class UserController {
public static void main(String[] args) {
AnnotationConfigApplicationContext cont = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(SpringConfiguration.class);
UserService us = cont.getBean(UserService.class);
us.save();
}
}
xml装配:
具有两种注入方式:构造器注入(元素)和设置属性(元素,提供了p-命名空间);设置属性不能使用p-命名空间来装配集合,没有便利的方式使用p-命名空间来指定一个值(或bean引用)的列表,我们可以使用Spring util-命名空间中的一些功能来简化
- 创建接口
package com.itheima.dao;
public interface UserDao {
void save();
}
package com.itheima.service;
public interface UserService {
void save();
}
- 创建实现
package com.itheima.dao.impl;
import com.itheima.dao.UserDao;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
@Override
public void save() {
System.out.println("save running...");
}
}
package com.itheima.service.impl;
import com.itheima.dao.UserDao;
import com.itheima.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
@Autowired
private UserDao userDao;
@Override
public void save() {
userDao.save();
}
}
- 声明简单的bean
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<bean id="userDao" class="com.Jaziel.Dao.impl.userDaoImpl"/>
</beans>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<bean id="userDao" class="com.Jaziel.Dao.impl.userDaoImpl"/>
<bean id="userService" class="com.Jaziel.Service.impl.userServiceImpl">
<property name="userDao" ref="userDao"/>
</bean>
</beans>
设置属性
设置属性注入时,UserDao的代码是:
package com.itheima.service.impl;
import com.itheima.dao.UserDao;
import com.itheima.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
private UserDao userDao;
@Autowired
public void setUserServiceImpl(UserDao userDao) {
this.userDao = userDao;
}
@Override
public void save() {
userDao.save();
}
}
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<bean id="userDao" class="com.Jaziel.Dao.impl.userDaoImpl"/>
<bean id="userService" class="com.Jaziel.service.impl.UserServiceImpl">
<property name="userDao" ref="userDao"></property>
</beans>
注入p空间命名
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<bean id="userDao" class="com.Jaziel.Dao.impl.userDaoImpl"/>
<bean id="userService" class="com.Jaziel.service.impl.UserServiceImpl" p:userDao-ref="userDao"/>
</beans>
导入和混合配置:
- 在JavaConfig中引用xml配置:使用@Import注解导入JavaConfig配置类,使用@ImportResource注释导入xml配置。
- 在xml中引用JavaConfig配置:使用import导入xml配置,使用元素导入JavaConfig类。