Recipe 1.3. Substituting Variables into an Existing String

Recipe 1.3. Substituting Variables into an Existing String
Problem
有时候你可能需要创建一个包含表达式或者变量的字符串,但是不是立即执行替换的动作.你可能计划晚一点替换,也可能需要执行多次,
而且每次都用不同的值来替换.

Solution
有两种方法可以实现:printf-style字符串,和ERB templates.

和c和python一样,Ruby支持printf-style字符串格式.使用%操作符可以实现延后替换:

    template = 'Oceania has always been at war with %s.'
    template % 'Eurasia'  # => "Oceania has always been at war with Eurasia."
    template % 'Eastasia' # => "Oceania has always been at war with Eastasia."

    'To 2 decimal places: %.2f' % Math::PI       # => "To 2 decimal places: 3.14"
    'Zero-padded: %.5d' % Math::PI               # => "Zero-padded: 00003"
   
ERB template的代码看上去像JSP或者PHP的代码.大多数仍然是看作一个普通的字符串,但是在一个特定的控制序列(control sequence)里
面的代码会作为Ruby代码来执行.控制序列(control sequence)会被这个代码的输出或者是最后的表达式得到的值替换:

    require 'erb'

    template = ERB.new %q{Chunky <%= food %>!}
    food = "bacon"
    template.result(binding)                     # => "Chunky bacon!"
    food = "peanut butter"
    template.result(binding)                     # => "Chunky peanut butter!"

如果在irb里面,你可以忽略调用Kernel#binding方法:

    puts template.result
    # Chunky peanut butter!

在Rails views里面,你可以看到就是用erb来实现rhtml的解析.

Discussion
ERB template会调用到在erb后面定义的相关的变量,比如food.当你调用ERB#result, 或者ERB#run的时候,the template就会被执行,相关
的变量的值就会替换到这个字符串.

像JSP或者PHP的代码一样,ERB templates可以包含循环语句和条件语句.下面是一个sophisticated template:

    template = %q{
    <% if problems.empty? %>
      Looks like your code is clean!
    <% else %>
      I found the following possible problems with your code:
      <% problems.each do |problem, line| %>
        * <%= problem %> on line <%= line %>
      <% end %>
    <% end %>}.gsub(/^/s+/, '')
    template = ERB.new(template, nil, '<>')

    problems = [["Use of is_a? instead of duck typing", 23],
                ["eval() is usually dangerous", 44]]
    template.run(binding)
    # I found the following possible problems with your code:
    # * Use of is_a? instead of duck typing on line 23
    # * eval() is usually dangerous on line 44

    problems = []
    template.run(binding)
    # Looks like your code is clean!



ERB是sophisticated, 它和printf-style字符串看上去和Recipe 1.2里面介绍的字符串替代的方法不太一样.这两种方法是二选一的.如果
你使用单引号而不是双引号的话,这种替换机制是不会起作用的.You can then use this string as a template with eval:

    class String
      def substitute(binding=TOPLEVEL_BINDING)
        eval(%{"#{self}"}, binding)
      end
    end

    template = %q{Chunky #{food}!}                 # => "Chunky /#{food}!"

    food = 'bacon'
    template.substitute(binding)                   # => "Chunky bacon!"
    food = 'peanut butter'
    template.substitute(binding)                   # => "Chunky peanut butter!"



You must be very careful when using eval: if you use a variable in the wrong way, you could give an attacker
 the ability to run arbitrary Ruby code in your eval statement. That won't happen in this example since any possible
 value of food gets stuck into a string definition before it's interpolated:

    food = '#{system("dir")}'
    puts template.substitute(binding)
    # Chunky #{system("dir")}!


See Also
这个章节只是ERB templates的一个基本的例子;更多复杂的应用可以参考ERB class
( http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib/libdoc/erb/rdoc/classes/ERB.html)

Recipe 1.2, " Substituting Variables into Strings"

Recipe 10.12, "Evaluating Code in an Earlier Context," has more about Binding objects