概念
观察者模式的定义:多个对象间存在一对多的依赖关系,当一个对象的状态发生改变时,所有依赖于它的对象都得到通知并被自动更新。
简单来说就是被观察对象持有观察者,当被观察对象发生变化时调用观察者方法通知观察者
观察者模式中的四种角色
1.抽象主题,即被观察者,实现观察者的添加,删除,与通知观察者的方法
2.具体主题,继承抽象主题
3.抽象观察者,一般是一个接口,定义update方法,具体主题发生改变时调用该方法通知观察者
4.具体观察者,实现抽象观察者接口
举例说明
JDK对于观察者模式已经有相应的类支持,Observable类即,被观察者,也就是上文所说的抽象主题,Observer类,观察者
源码
/*
* Copyright (c) 1994, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
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package java.util;
/**
* This class represents an observable object, or "data"
* in the model-view paradigm. It can be subclassed to represent an
* object that the application wants to have observed.
* <p>
* An observable object can have one or more observers. An observer
* may be any object that implements interface <tt>Observer</tt>. After an
* observable instance changes, an application calling the
* <code>Observable</code>'s <code>notifyObservers</code> method
* causes all of its observers to be notified of the change by a call
* to their <code>update</code> method.
* <p>
* The order in which notifications will be delivered is unspecified.
* The default implementation provided in the Observable class will
* notify Observers in the order in which they registered interest, but
* subclasses may change this order, use no guaranteed order, deliver
* notifications on separate threads, or may guarantee that their
* subclass follows this order, as they choose.
* <p>
* Note that this notification mechanism has nothing to do with threads
* and is completely separate from the <tt>wait</tt> and <tt>notify</tt>
* mechanism of class <tt>Object</tt>.
* <p>
* When an observable object is newly created, its set of observers is
* empty. Two observers are considered the same if and only if the
* <tt>equals</tt> method returns true for them.
*
* @author Chris Warth
* @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers()
* @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object)
* @see java.util.Observer
* @see java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
* @since JDK1.0
*/
public class Observable {
private boolean changed = false;
private Vector<Observer> obs;
/** Construct an Observable with zero Observers. */
public Observable() {
obs = new Vector<>();
}
/**
* Adds an observer to the set of observers for this object, provided
* that it is not the same as some observer already in the set.
* The order in which notifications will be delivered to multiple
* observers is not specified. See the class comment.
*
* @param o an observer to be added.
* @throws NullPointerException if the parameter o is null.
*/
public synchronized void addObserver(Observer o) {
if (o == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
if (!obs.contains(o)) {
obs.addElement(o);
}
}
/**
* Deletes an observer from the set of observers of this object.
* Passing <CODE>null</CODE> to this method will have no effect.
* @param o the observer to be deleted.
*/
public synchronized void deleteObserver(Observer o) {
obs.removeElement(o);
}
/**
* If this object has changed, as indicated by the
* <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers
* and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to
* indicate that this object has no longer changed.
* <p>
* Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
* arguments: this observable object and <code>null</code>. In other
* words, this method is equivalent to:
* <blockquote><tt>
* notifyObservers(null)</tt></blockquote>
*
* @see java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
* @see java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
* @see java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
*/
public void notifyObservers() {
notifyObservers(null);
}
/**
* If this object has changed, as indicated by the
* <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers
* and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to indicate
* that this object has no longer changed.
* <p>
* Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
* arguments: this observable object and the <code>arg</code> argument.
*
* @param arg any object.
* @see java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
* @see java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
* @see java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
*/
public void notifyObservers(Object arg) {
/*
* a temporary array buffer, used as a snapshot of the state of
* current Observers.
*/
Object[] arrLocal;
synchronized (this) {
/* We don't want the Observer doing callbacks into
* arbitrary code while holding its own Monitor.
* The code where we extract each Observable from
* the Vector and store the state of the Observer
* needs synchronization, but notifying observers
* does not (should not). The worst result of any
* potential race-condition here is that:
* 1) a newly-added Observer will miss a
* notification in progress
* 2) a recently unregistered Observer will be
* wrongly notified when it doesn't care
*/
if (!changed)
return;
arrLocal = obs.toArray();
clearChanged();
}
for (int i = arrLocal.length-1; i>=0; i--)
((Observer)arrLocal[i]).update(this, arg);
}
/**
* Clears the observer list so that this object no longer has any observers.
*/
public synchronized void deleteObservers() {
obs.removeAllElements();
}
/**
* Marks this <tt>Observable</tt> object as having been changed; the
* <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>true</tt>.
*/
protected synchronized void setChanged() {
changed = true;
}
/**
* Indicates that this object has no longer changed, or that it has
* already notified all of its observers of its most recent change,
* so that the <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>false</tt>.
* This method is called automatically by the
* <code>notifyObservers</code> methods.
*
* @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers()
* @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object)
*/
protected synchronized void clearChanged() {
changed = false;
}
/**
* Tests if this object has changed.
*
* @return <code>true</code> if and only if the <code>setChanged</code>
* method has been called more recently than the
* <code>clearChanged</code> method on this object;
* <code>false</code> otherwise.
* @see java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
* @see java.util.Observable#setChanged()
*/
public synchronized boolean hasChanged() {
return changed;
}
/**
* Returns the number of observers of this <tt>Observable</tt> object.
*
* @return the number of observers of this object.
*/
public synchronized int countObservers() {
return obs.size();
}
}
定义了一个线程安全的集合Vector用于操作持有的观察者对象,实现了观察者的添加,删除,通知方法,注意还有一个标志位changed,在调用notifyObservers方法之前需要先调用setChanged方法把标志位置为true,执行notifyObservers时会对该changed的值进行判断,为false会被return
Observer类,即抽象观察者
源码
/*
* Copyright (c) 1994, 1998, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*/
package java.util;
/**
* A class can implement the <code>Observer</code> interface when it
* wants to be informed of changes in observable objects.
*
* @author Chris Warth
* @see java.util.Observable
* @since JDK1.0
*/
public interface Observer {
/**
* This method is called whenever the observed object is changed. An
* application calls an <tt>Observable</tt> object's
* <code>notifyObservers</code> method to have all the object's
* observers notified of the change.
*
* @param o the observable object.
* @param arg an argument passed to the <code>notifyObservers</code>
* method.
*/
void update(Observable o, Object arg);
}
只定义了一个update方法,具体观察者实现该方法即可
基于这两个类实现具体主题与具体观察者
定义具体第一个具体观察者FirstPerson
import java.util.Observable;
import java.util.Observer;
/**
* Observer 抽象观察者
* OnePerson 具体观察者
*/
public class FirstPerson implements Observer {
@Override
public void update(Observable o, Object arg) {
System.out.println("收到新内容:" + arg.toString() + ",主题:" + o.getClass().getName());
}
}
定义第二个具体观察者SecondPerson
import java.util.Observable;
import java.util.Observer;
/**
* Observer 抽象观察者
* SecondPerson 具体观察者
*/
public class SecondPerson implements Observer {
@Override
public void update(Observable o, Object arg) {
System.out.println("收到新内容:" + arg.toString() + ",主题:" + o.getClass().getName());
}
}
定义具体主题MyTopic
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Observable;
/**
* Observable 抽象主题
* MyTopic 具体主题
*/
public class MyTopic extends Observable {
/**
* 发布新内容
*/
public void publishNewContent(){
String content = "MyTopic当前时间" + new Date();
System.out.println("新内容已发布");
setChanged(); //把changed标志位set为true
notifyObservers(content); //通知观察者
}
}
测试
public class ObserverTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyTopic myTopic = new MyTopic();
//添加观察者
myTopic.addObserver(new FirstPerson());
myTopic.addObserver(new SecondPerson());
myTopic.publishNewContent();
}
}
输出