单播(unicast)
任播(anycast)
组播(multicast)
广播(broadcast)
注: 广播和组播都需要使用UDP,都不能使用TCP
地址表示方式:
-
IPv4地址的表示 {子网id:192.168.1, 主机id:12}
A/B/C/D/E五类地址,-1表示所有位都为1 的字段 -
子网广播地址,{子网id ,-1},指定子网所有接口的广播地址
192.168.177.0/24 该子网上的广播地址192.168.177.255 -
受限广播地地址 {-1 , -1}
255.255.255.255
单播UDP:
广播UDP:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <time.h>
#define MAX_LISTEN_QUE 5
#define SERV_PORT 8888
#define MAXLEN 200
int main()
{
int sockfd;
struct sockaddr_in server;
struct sockaddr_in client;
struct sockaddr_in broadcast;
socklen_t addrlen,len;
int num;
time_t timep;
int opt = 1;
char read_buf[MAXLEN];
char buf[MAXLEN] = "hello.linux.";
//创建套接字
if((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) == -1)
{
perror("Creatingsocket failed.");
exit(1);
}
//设置允许广播发送
if(setsockopt(sockfd,SOL_SOCKET,SO_BROADCAST,&opt,sizeof(opt)) < 0){
perror("create error\n");
return -1;
}
//初始化server结构体
bzero(&server,sizeof(server));
server.sin_family=AF_INET;//IPv4
server.sin_port=htons(SERV_PORT);//端口号
server.sin_addr.s_addr= htonl (INADDR_ANY);//设置为可以连接任何一个客户端
//初始化broadcast结构体
bzero(&broadcast,sizeof(broadcast));
broadcast.sin_family=AF_INET;//IPv4
broadcast.sin_port=htons(SERV_PORT);//端口号
broadcast.sin_addr.s_addr= inet_addr ("192.168.1.255");//设置为可以连接任何一个客户端
//将套接字和服务器的地址绑定
if(bind(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&server, sizeof(server)) == -1)
{
perror("Bind()error.");
exit(1);
}
//得到存储客户端的结构体的长度
addrlen=sizeof(client);
//获得broadcast结构体的长度
len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
//将数组中的内容发送到broadcast中
num = sendto(sockfd,buf,strlen(buf),0,
(struct sockaddr *)&broadcast,len);
if(num < 0){
perror("sendto error\n");
return -1;
}
while(1)
{
//在recvfrom之前加,否则第一次读取发送方IP为0.0.0.0
addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr);
//从客户端读取数据,并存储在read_buf中
num =recvfrom(sockfd,read_buf,MAXLEN,0,(struct sockaddr*)&client,&addrlen);
if (num < 0)
{
perror("recvfrom() error\n");
exit(1);
}
//打印读取的内容以及ip地址和端口号
printf("len:%d\n",num);
printf("IP:%s,port:%d\n",inet_ntoa(client.sin_addr),ntohs(client.sin_port));
printf("read_buf:%s\n",read_buf);
//获取时间的函数
timep = time(NULL);
snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s", ctime(&timep));
//发送数据到广播报
sendto(sockfd,buf,strlen(buf),0,(struct sockaddr *)&broadcast,len);
//清空客户端和数组
bzero(&client, len);
bzero(buf, MAXLEN);
bzero(read_buf, MAXLEN);
sleep(1);
}
//关闭套接字
close(sockfd);
return 0;
}
运行结果
len:12
IP:192.168.1.12,port:8888
read_buf:hello.linux.
len:25
IP:192.168.1.12,port:8888
read_buf:Sat Jul 25 15:10:25 2020
len:25
IP:192.168.1.12,port:8888
read_buf:Sat Jul 25 15:10:26 2020
组播IP地址
224.0.0.0 ~ 239.255.255.255
组播以太网地址(MAC地址)
开头高三个字节总是 01:00:5e
组播分为两部分:
-
组播数据流 ,目的MAC地址为01:00:5e:xx:xx:xx
224.25.25.25 的mac地址为01:00:5e:19:19:19 -
组播控制流(IGMP v1,v2,v3)
分三种报文:report(join),leave,query
组播和广播的区别
广播:用户进程发送一组数据,经过数据链路之后通过网络发送给当前在线的所有主机。
组播:用户进程发送一组数据,经过数据链路之后通过网络发送在组播IP范围内的所有主机。
组播编程
server/client
client:1、IP_MULTICAST_LOOP(设置组播循环)
2、IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP(添加进组播)
3、IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP(从组播中移除)
server
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#define MAX_LISTEN_QUE 5
#define SERV_PORT 8888
#define MAX_BUFFER_SIZE 100
#define FD_MAXSIZE 1024
#define MAX_EVENTS 10
#define RT_ERR (-1)
#define RT_OK 0
#define MCAST_PORT 8888
#define MCAST_ADDR "224.25.25.25"
#define MCAST_DATA "Hello.Client!"
#define MCAST_INTERVAL 3
#define BUFF_SIZE 256
int main(int argc, char*argv)
{
int sockfd;
struct sockaddr_in mcast_addr;
char buf[100] = MCAST_DATA;
int on = 1;
int ret;
//创建套接字
sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (sockfd == -1)
{
perror("socket()");
return -1;
}
//设置地址重用
if((ret = setsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &on, sizeof(on))) < 0){
perror("Error, set socket reuse addr failed");
return -1;
}
//结构体mcast_addr的初始化
memset(&mcast_addr, 0, sizeof(mcast_addr));
mcast_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; //IPv4
mcast_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(MCAST_ADDR);//绑定地址
mcast_addr.sin_port = htons(MCAST_PORT); //端口号
while(1) {
//将buf中的数据发送到mcast_addr组播中
int n = sendto(sockfd, buf, strlen(buf), 0,
(struct sockaddr*)&mcast_addr,sizeof(mcast_addr));
if( n < 0){
perror("sendto:");
return -1;
}
//睡眠
sleep(MCAST_INTERVAL);
}
return 0;
}
client
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#define MAX_LISTEN_QUE 5
#define SERV_PORT 8888
#define MAX_BUFFER_SIZE 100
#define FD_MAXSIZE 1024
#define MAX_EVENTS 10
#define RT_ERR (-1)
#define RT_OK 0
#define MCAST_PORT 8888
#define MCAST_ADDR "224.25.25.25"
#define MCAST_DATA "Hello.Server!"
#define MCAST_INTERVAL 3
#define BUFF_SIZE 256
int main(int argc, char*argv[])
{
int sockfd;
struct sockaddr_in local_addr;
int err = -1;
int ret;
int on = 1;
int times = 0;
int addr_len = 0;
char buff[BUFF_SIZE];
int n = 0;
int loop = 1;
//创建套接字
sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (sockfd == -1)
{
perror("socket()");
return -1;
}
//设置地址重用
if((ret = setsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &on, sizeof(on))) < 0){
perror("Error, set socket reuse addr failed");
return -1;
}
//结构体local_addr的初始化
memset(&local_addr, 0, sizeof(local_addr));
local_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;//IPv4
local_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);//任何一个客户端都可以连接
local_addr.sin_port = htons(MCAST_PORT);//设置端口号
//绑定local_addr到通信套接字中
err = bind(sockfd,(struct sockaddr*)&local_addr, sizeof(local_addr)) ;
if(err < 0)
{
perror("bind()");
return -1;
}
//设置IP地址为循环
err = setsockopt(sockfd,IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP, &loop, sizeof(loop));
if(err < 0){
perror("setsockopt():IP_MULTICAST_LOOP");
return -1;
}
//创建IP结构体
struct ip_mreq mreq;
mreq.imr_multiaddr.s_addr = inet_addr(MCAST_ADDR); //设置要加入的组播的地址
mreq.imr_interface.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); //本地接口的IP地址(设置为所有可连接)
//添加一个sockfd加入组播到中
err = setsockopt(sockfd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq, sizeof(mreq));
if (err < 0){
perror("setsockopt():IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP");
return -1;
}
for(times = 0;times<5;times++){
//获取结构体长度
addr_len = sizeof(local_addr);
//将数组清空
memset(buff, 0, BUFF_SIZE);
//读取套接字中的数据,保存到buff中
n = recvfrom(sockfd, buff, BUFF_SIZE, 0,(struct sockaddr*)&local_addr,&addr_len);
if(n == -1){
perror("recvfrom()");
break;
}
printf("Recv %dst message from server:%s\n", times, buff);
sleep(MCAST_INTERVAL);
}
//五次之后将sockfd从组播中移除
err = setsockopt(sockfd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP,&mreq, sizeof(mreq));
close(sockfd);
return 0;
}
运行结果
Recv 0st message from server:Hello.Client!
Recv 1st message from server:Hello.Client!
Recv 2st message from server:Hello.Client!
Recv 3st message from server:Hello.Client!
Recv 4st message from server:Hello.Client!