linux驱动基础知识-白阳(四) 字符设备

最新推荐文章于 2022-06-19 12:09:25 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2022-06-19 12:09:25 发布

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分类专栏： inux驱动开发

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/sven0223/article/details/81324791

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相关头文件

#include <linux/init.h>

#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/errno.h>

#include <linux/of.h>
#include <linux/of_address.h>
#include <linux/of_device.h>
#include <linux/of_platform.h>
#include <linux/list.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <asm/pgtable.h>
#include <asm/io.h>

#相关头文件
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/ioctl.h>

#include<asm/ioctl.h>

相关结构体及重要字段

//文件操作相关结构体：
//struct file :描述一个已打开的文件 linux/fs.h
//struct file_operations: vfs与设备的接口函数，linux/fs.h
//struct cdev: 描述一个字符设备
//struct inode: 描述一个文件节点

struct file{ //代表一个已经打开的文件

struct path f_path; //路径结构，以后研究 TODO

struct inode *f_inode; //当前设备的inode信息，新版本的ioctl不提供这个接口，可通过这里获取 file_inode函数

const struct file_operations *f_op; //fops操作集合

spinlock_t f_lock;

atomic_long_t f_count; //应该是文件大小，在设备驱动中未找到用处

unsigned int f_flags;
fmode_t f_mode;

struct mutex f_pos_lock;
loff_t f_pos; //当前pos位置，与read和write的参数lloff_t同步修改，llseek方法修改这里

u64 f_version; //默认为0

void *private_data; //存放设备私有结构体

......

}

struct cdev {
struct kobject kobj; //kobj对象，ktype只包含了release
struct module *owner; //THIS_MODULE
const struct file_operations *ops; 文件操作
struct list_head list;
dev_t dev; //cdev_add时添加绑定设备节点
unsigned int count; //设备个数，和次设备个数一致
} __randomize_layout;

struct file_operations { //文件操作接口
#重要字段
struct module *owner;
int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
unsigned int (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);

.....

}

这里注意：ioctl和以前实现方法不一致，

详情参考 https://blog.csdn.net/gatieme/article/details/71437163 和 https://lwn.net/Articles/119652/ 讲解的很清楚

struct inode{ //描述一个已存在的文件，

unsigned long i_ino;

dev_t i_rdev;

//文件时间相关

struct timespec i_atime;
struct timespec i_mtime;
struct timespec i_ctime;

union {
struct pipe_inode_info *i_pipe;
struct block_device *i_bdev;
struct cdev *i_cdev; // 这个字节可用来索引自己的私有结构体
char *i_link;
unsigned i_dir_seq;
};

......

}

#file中的f_flag和f_mode

include/uapi/asm-generic/fcntl.h 中包含了filp->f_flags相关宏; 代表文件的打开属性
include/linux/fs.h 包含了filp->f_mode相关宏:代表文件本身的读写属性

/*
 * flags in file.f_mode.  Note that FMODE_READ and FMODE_WRITE must correspond
 * to O_WRONLY and O_RDWR via the strange trick in __dentry_open()
 */

/* file is open for reading */
#define FMODE_READ      ((__force fmode_t)0x1)
/* file is open for writing */
#define FMODE_WRITE     ((__force fmode_t)0x2)
/* file is seekable */
#define FMODE_LSEEK     ((__force fmode_t)0x4)
/* file can be accessed using pread */
#define FMODE_PREAD     ((__force fmode_t)0x8)
/* file can be accessed using pwrite */
#define FMODE_PWRITE        ((__force fmode_t)0x10)
/* File is opened for execution with sys_execve / sys_uselib */
#define FMODE_EXEC      ((__force fmode_t)0x20)
/* File is opened with O_NDELAY (only set for block devices) */
#define FMODE_NDELAY        ((__force fmode_t)0x40)
/* File is opened with O_EXCL (only set for block devices) */
#define FMODE_EXCL      ((__force fmode_t)0x80)
/* File is opened using open(.., 3, ..) and is writeable only for ioctls
   (specialy hack for floppy.c) */
#define FMODE_WRITE_IOCTL   ((__force fmode_t)0x100)
/* 32bit hashes as llseek() offset (for directories) */
#define FMODE_32BITHASH         ((__force fmode_t)0x200)
/* 64bit hashes as llseek() offset (for directories) */
#define FMODE_64BITHASH         ((__force fmode_t)0x400)

if (filp->f_mode & FMODE_READ){
xxxxxx

f_flags

/*
 * When introducing new O_* bits, please check its uniqueness in fcntl_init().
 */

#define O_ACCMODE   00000003
#define O_RDONLY    00000000
#define O_WRONLY    00000001
#define O_RDWR      00000002
#ifndef O_CREAT
#define O_CREAT     00000100    /* not fcntl */
#endif
#ifndef O_EXCL
#define O_EXCL      00000200    /* not fcntl */
#endif
#ifndef O_NOCTTY
#define O_NOCTTY    00000400    /* not fcntl */
#endif
#ifndef O_TRUNC
#define O_TRUNC     00001000    /* not fcntl */
#endif
#ifndef O_APPEND
#define O_APPEND    00002000
#endif
#ifndef O_NONBLOCK
#define O_NONBLOCK  00004000
#endif
#ifndef O_DSYNC
#define O_DSYNC     00010000    /* used to be O_SYNC, see below */
#endif
#ifndef FASYNC
#define FASYNC      00020000    /* fcntl, for BSD compatibility */
#endif
#ifndef O_DIRECT
#define O_DIRECT    00040000    /* direct disk access hint */
#endif
#ifndef O_LARGEFILE
#define O_LARGEFILE 00100000
#endif
#ifndef O_DIRECTORY
#define O_DIRECTORY 00200000    /* must be a directory */
#endif
#ifndef O_NOFOLLOW
#define O_NOFOLLOW  00400000    /* don't follow links */
#endif
#ifndef O_NOATIME
#define O_NOATIME   01000000
#endif                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
#ifndef O_CLOEXEC
#define O_CLOEXEC   02000000    /* set close_on_exec */
#endif

相关函数

offset细节

ssize_t (*read) (struct file *filp, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *offset);

经过测试，发现offset的地址和filp->f_pos地址不一致，但在读写函数修改offset，会影响到filp->f_pos,在llseet里边修改filp->f_pos，发现下次读写时这个offset的值也会同步过来；

ioctl细节

应用部分一般这样调用ioctl ： #include <sys/ioctl.h> ret = ioctl(filefd, (unsigned long )cmd, (void *)args);

这样args可根据需要来与内核空间交互数据；可通过cmd来区分命令

linux建议ioctl的命令cmd方式如下 [8bit设备类型] [8bit序列号][2bit方向][数据cmd]

设备类型参考Documentation/ioctl/ioctl-number.txt；里边列了部分

命令生成内核辅助宏： _IO() ; _IOR(); _IOW();和_IORW();

#define _IOC(dir,type,nr,size)          \
    ((unsigned int)             \
     (((dir)  << _IOC_DIRSHIFT) |       \
      ((type) << _IOC_TYPESHIFT) |      \
      ((nr)   << _IOC_NRSHIFT) |        \
      ((size) << _IOC_SIZESHIFT)))

/* used to create numbers */
#define _IO(type,nr)        _IOC(_IOC_NONE,(type),(nr),0)
#define _IOR(type,nr,size)  _IOC(_IOC_READ,(type),(nr),sizeof(size))
#define _IOW(type,nr,size)  _IOC(_IOC_WRITE,(type),(nr),sizeof(size))
#define _IOWR(type,nr,size) _IOC(_IOC_READ|_IOC_WRITE,(type),(nr),sizeof(size))

使用方法如下 https://blog.csdn.net/jk198310/article/details/52662097

已经讲解的很详细了

#define GLOBALMEM_MAGIC "g"
#define GLOBALMEM_CLEAR _IO(GLOBALMEM_MAGIC, 0)

自动创建设备节点和手动创建设备节点和脚本创建节点
sysfs与proc之间相关节点描述

    //1.注册字符驱动
    if(major){
        devno = MKDEV(major,0);
        ret = register_chrdev_region(devno, 1,"globalmem");
    }else{
        ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&devno,0, 1,"globalmem");
        major = MAJOR(devno);
    }
    if(ret < 0){
        printk(KERN_ERR"failed region chrdev\n");
        goto failed_register;
    }

root@baiy-ThinkPad-T480:/home/baiy/workspace/testcode/driver/test02# cat /proc/devices
Character devices:

236 globalmem

class总线和device匹配：

    //3.注册字符驱动设备节点
    class = class_create(THIS_MODULE,"globalmemC");
    if(!class){
        printk(KERN_ERR"failed class create\n");
        goto failed_class;
    }
    device = device_create(class, NULL, devno,NULL,"globalmem"); //mknod /dev/globalmem c xxx 0
    if(!device){
        printk(KERN_ERR"failed device create\n");
        goto failed_device;
    }

    device_destroy(class,devno);
failed_device:
    class_destroy(class);

root@baiy-ThinkPad-T480:/home/baiy/workspace/testcode/driver/test02# tree /sys/class/globalmemC/
/sys/class/globalmemC/
└── globalmem -> ../../devices/virtual/globalmemC/globalmem

1 directory, 0 files

root@baiy-ThinkPad-T480:/home/baiy/workspace/testcode/driver/test02# tree /sys/devices/virtual/globalmemC/
/sys/devices/virtual/globalmemC/
└── globalmem
├── dev
├── power
│   ├── async
│   ├── autosuspend_delay_ms
│   ├── control
│   ├── runtime_active_kids
│   ├── runtime_active_time
│   ├── runtime_enabled
│   ├── runtime_status
│   ├── runtime_suspended_time
│   └── runtime_usage
├── subsystem -> ../../../../class/globalmemC
└── uevent

root@baiy-ThinkPad-T480:/home/baiy/workspace/testcode/driver/test02# ls -al /dev/globalmem 
crw------- 1 root root 236, 0 8月   1 10:50 /dev/globalmem

模块信息，与驱动文件名一致

root@baiy-ThinkPad-T480:/home/baiy/workspace/testcode/driver/test02# tree /sys/module/mychar/
/sys/module/mychar/
├── coresize
├── holders
├── initsize
├── initstate
├── notes
├── parameters
│   ├── major
│   └── minor
├── refcnt
├── sections
│   ├── __mcount_loc
│   └── __param
├── srcversion
├── taint
├── uevent
└── version

脚本创建设备节点

#!/bin/sh
module="scull"
device="scull"
mode="664"
# invoke insmod with all arguments we got
# and use a pathname, as newer modutils don't look in . by default
/sbin/insmod ./$module.ko $* || exit 1
# remove stale nodes
rm -f /dev/${device}[0-3]
major=$(awk "\\$2==\"$module\" {print \\$1}" /proc/devices)
mknod /dev/${device}0 c $major 0
mknod /dev/${device}1 c $major 1
mknod /dev/${device}2 c $major 2
mknod /dev/${device}3 c $major 3
# give appropriate group/permissions, and change the group.
# Not all distributions have staff, some have "wheel" instead.
group="staff"
grep -q '^staff:' /etc/group || group="wheel"
chgrp $group /dev/${device}[0-3]
chmod $mode /dev/${device}[0-3]

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linux驱动基础知识-白阳(四) 字符设备

相关头文件 #include &lt;linux/init.h&gt;#include &lt;linux/module.h&gt;#include &lt;linux/errno.h&gt;#include &lt;linux/of.h&gt;#include &lt;linux/of_address.h&gt;#include &lt;linux/of_device....
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