【文件系统】基于Inode的函数介绍

1.Inode

首先我们再复习下关于Inode的概念，
在文件存储中，Inode的本质为结构体，存储着文件的属性信息，如权限，类型，大小，事件，用户，
盘块位置...也被称作文件属性管理结构，大多数的inode都存储在磁盘上，少量常用的近期使用的
inode会被缓存到内存中.


inode是index node(索引节点)的缩写.

2.文件的类型 

文件的分类
编码   文件类型
0      Unknown(不识别的)
1      Regular file(普通)
2      Directory(目录)
3      Character device(字符设备)
4      Block Device(块设备)
5      Named Pipe(管道)
6      Socket(套接字)
7      Symbolic link(符号链接)

3.stat

既有命令也有函数：
man 1 stat
man 2 stat


本函数的主要用途是获取文件的属性.

函数：
 #include <sys/types.h>
       #include <sys/stat.h>
       #include <unistd.h>
       int stat(const char *pathname, struct stat *buf);//通过文件名来获取文件的属性,跟踪符号链接
       int fstat(int fd, struct stat *buf);// 通过文件描述符来获取文件的属性
       int lstat(const char *pathname, struct stat *buf);//通过文件名来获取文件的属性，不跟踪符号链接
      
       #include <fcntl.h>           /* Definition of AT_* constants */
       #include <sys/stat.h>
       int fstatat(int dirfd, const char *pathname, struct stat *buf,
                   int flags);

 The stat structure
       All of these system calls return a stat structure, which contains the following fields:

           struct stat {
               dev_t     st_dev;         /* ID of device containing file */文件所在磁盘驱动器号，包含当前文件的设备编号  
               ino_t     st_ino;         /* inode number */Inode编号
               mode_t    st_mode;        /* file type and mode */权限
               nlink_t   st_nlink;       /* number of hard links */硬链接数
               uid_t     st_uid;         /* user ID of owner */所有者
               gid_t     st_gid;         /* group ID of owner */所有组
               dev_t     st_rdev;        /* device ID (if special file) */是否特殊文件，如果是的话，这里的st_rdev就是设备号
               off_t     st_size;        /* total size, in bytes */总长度
               blksize_t st_blksize;     /* blocksize for filesystem I/O */文件IO的大小，一般可设置成4096bytes
               blkcnt_t  st_blocks;      /* number of 512B blocks allocated */当文件IO大小被设置成4096bytes的时候，是8

               /* Since Linux 2.6, the kernel supports nanosecond
                  precision for the following timestamp fields.
                  For the details before Linux 2.6, see NOTES. */

               struct timespec st_atim;  /* time of last access */
               struct timespec st_mtim;  /* time of last modification */内容变动的最后更改时间
               struct timespec st_ctim;  /* time of last status change */属性值变动的最后更改时间

           #define st_atime st_atim.tv_sec      /* Backward compatibility */
           #define st_mtime st_mtim.tv_sec
           #define st_ctime st_ctim.tv_sec
           };


The following mask values are defined for the file type of the st_mode field:

           S_IFMT     0170000   bit mask for the file type bit field

           S_IFSOCK   0140000   socket
           S_IFLNK    0120000   symbolic link
           S_IFREG    0100000   regular file
           S_IFBLK    0060000   block device
           S_IFDIR    0040000   directory
           S_IFCHR    0020000   character device
           S_IFIFO    0010000   FIFO

       Thus, to test for a regular file (for example), one could write:

           stat(pathname, &sb);
           if ((sb.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFREG) {
               /* Handle regular file */
           }



The following mask values are defined for the file mode component of the st_mode field:

           S_ISUID     04000   set-user-ID bit
           S_ISGID     02000   set-group-ID bit (see below)
           S_ISVTX     01000   sticky bit (see below)

           S_IRWXU     00700   owner has read, write, and execute permission
           S_IRUSR     00400   owner has read permission
           S_IWUSR     00200   owner has write permission
           S_IXUSR     00100   owner has execute permission

           S_IRWXG     00070   group has read, write, and execute permission
           S_IRGRP     00040   group has read permission
           S_IWGRP     00020   group has write permission
           S_IXGRP     00010   group has execute permission

           S_IRWXO     00007   others (not in group) have read, write, and execute
                               permission
           S_IROTH     00004   others have read permission
           S_IWOTH     00002   others have write permission

           S_IXOTH     00001   others have execute permission



符号链接，比如本来有一个文件hello，
现在
ln -s hello abc
则abc是文件hello的符号链接，相当于abc是hello的快捷方式，abc的长度是hello这个文件的文件名长度.
stat跟踪符号链接
lstat不跟踪符号链接


测试小案例：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(char argc,char *argv[])
{
  struct stat s_buf;
  if(argc < 2)
  {
    printf("输入文件名\n");
    exit(1);
  }
  if(stat(argv[1],&s_buf)<0)
  {
    perror("stat");
    exit(1);
  };
  printf("stat跟踪符号连接%s \t %ld \n",argv[1],s_buf.st_size);
  
  if(lstat(argv[1],&s_buf)<0)
  {
    perror("stat");
    exit(1);
  };
  printf("lstat不跟踪符号连接%s \t %ld \n",argv[1],s_buf.st_size);
  return 0;
}

4.ls命令与stat

尝试
ls -i filename 

5. access

man 1 access
man 2 access

#include <unistd.h>
int access(const char *pathname, int mode);

RETURN VALUE
       On  success (all requested permissions granted, or mode is F_OK and the file exists), zero is returned.  On error (at least one bit in mode asked for a permission that is denied, or mode is F_OK and
       the file does not exist, or some other error occurred), -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.


按照实际用户ID和实际组ID测试，跟踪符号链接.

R_OK 是否有读权限
W_OK 是否有写权限
X_OK 是否有执行权限
F_OK 测试一个文件是否存在

open也可以有相似的功能，但是open的开销较大.
实际用户ID和有效用户ID，比如用户muten在/root目录下执行
sudo touch xxx
则这里实际用户用户ID是muten，有效用户ID是root.