信号机制

        信号被称为软中断(software interrupts)，与硬件中断机制相比信号机制提供了更好
的灵活性:

• 产生源:
     硬件中断:由硬件产生;
     信号: 由内核/终端命令/用户进程产生;  
• 均打断当前代码的执行，转而执行另外的代码:
     硬件中断: 跳转到中断函数;
     信号: 跳转到信号处理函数;
• 屏蔽位:
     硬件中断: 可设置中断寄存器，屏蔽某些中断;有些中断无法屏蔽，被称为NMI中断.
     信号: 可设置进程的信号屏蔽位，屏蔽某些信号;信号SIGSTOP/SIGKILL无法被屏蔽;
     被屏蔽的硬件中断将丢失，而被屏蔽的信号不会丢失，但会覆盖。
• 执行时刻:
     硬件中断: 产生后马上执行中断处理函数;
     信号: 如果进程正在执行，那么立即执行信号处理函数，否则将在下次调度时执行;
• 信号均有默认的处理函数;硬件中断没有，需在系统启动时进程初始化;
    

信号状态变迁:

                          Pending
   Generated ----------------->Delivered
   信号产生到处理函数响应之间的时间，处于Pending状态

信号分类:

• Standard signals: used by kernel to notify processes of events.
  Standard signals are not queued;
  On Linux, standard signals are numbered from 1 to 31;
• Realtime signals;
  Realtime signals are queued and delivered lowest signal number first;
  Linux kernel defines 32 different realtme signals, numbered from 32 to 63;
  The constants SIGRTMIN and SIGRTMAX to inicate lowest and highest available 
  realtime signal numbers;

信号数据结构:

sigset_t set;
int sigemptyset(sigset_t *set);  
int sigfillset(sigset_t *set);   
int sigaddset(sigset_t *set, int sig); 
int sigdelset(sigset_t *set, int sig);
int sigismember(const sigset_t*set, int sig);

信号屏蔽:

int sigprocmask(int how, const sigset_t *set, sigset_t *oldset);

how:1> SIG_BLOCK: signal_mask |= set;
    2> SIG_UNBLOCK: signal_mask ~= set;
    3> SIG_SETMASK: signal_mask = set;
将参数set置为NULL，即可获取进程的信号屏蔽属性;

信号注册:

int sigaction(int sig, const struct sigaction *act, struct sigaction *oldact); 

sig: 除了SIGKILL/SIGSTOP信号之外;

struct sigaction
{
    union {
     void (*sa_handler)(int); // Address of handler
        void (*sa_sigaction)(int, siginfo_t *, void*);
    }__sigaction_handler;
 sigset_t sa_mask;   // Signals blocked during handler invocation
 int sa_flags;    // flags controlling handler invocation 
 void (*sa_restorer)(void); // Not for application use 
};
#define sa_handler __sigaction_handler.sa_handler
#define sa_sigaction __sigaction_handler.sa_sigaction

sa_flag:

       1>SA_NOCLDSTOP
        2>SA_NOCLDWAIT
        3>SA_NODEFER : 不再将信号本身加入到signal mask中;
        4>SA_ONSTACK: 信号处理函数使用由sigaltstack()设置的栈;
        5>SA_RESETHAND: When this signal is caught, reset its disposition to the default,
            before invoking the handler.
        6>SA_RESTART: Automatically restart system calls interrupted by this signal handler.
        7>SA_SIGINFO: 指定信号处理函数采用如下原型:
                      void (*sa_sigaction)(int, siginfo_t *, void*);
                      如果该标志不置位，那么采用void (*sa_handler)(int)原型;

void handler(int sig, siginfo_t *siginfo, void *ucontext)

typedef struct {
    int si_signo;  // signal number
    int si_code;   // signal code 
    int si_trapno;
    union sigval si_value;  // Accompanying data from sigqueue()
    pid_t si_pid;           // Process ID of sending process
    ...
   }siginfo_t;

  
向其它进程或自己发信号：

int kill(pid_t pid, int sig);
int raise(int sig);