ALSA (Advanced Linux Sound Architecture(高级Linux声音体系)的缩写)是为声卡提供驱动的Linux内核组件,以替代原先的OSS(开放声音系统)。ALSA除了像OSS那样提供一组内核驱动程序模块以外,还专门为简化应用程序的编写提供了相应的库函数,与OSS提供的基于ioctl的原始编程接口相比,ALSA函数库使用起来要更加方便一点。
ALSA的主要特点如下:
支持多种声卡设备。
模块化的内核驱动程序。
支持SMP和多线程。
提供应用开发函数库以简化应用程序开发。
支持OSS API,兼容OSS应用程序。
ALSA具有更加友好的编程接口,并且完全兼容于OSS,对应用程序来讲无疑是一个更佳地选择。ALSA系统包括驱动包alsa-driver,开发包alsa-libs,开发包插件alsa-libplugins,设置管理工具包alsa-utils,其他声音相关处理小程序包alsa-tools,特殊音频固件支持包alsa-firmware,OSS接口兼容模拟层工具alsa-oss共7个子项目,其中只有驱动包是必须的。
alsa-driver指内核驱动程序,包括硬件相关的代码和一些公共代码,非常庞大。
alsa-libs指用户空间的函数库,提供给应用程序使用,应用程序应包括头文件asoundlib.h。并使用共享库libasound.so。
alsa-utils包含一些基于ALSA的用于控制声卡的应用程序,如alsaconf(侦测系统中声卡并写一个适合的ALSA配置文件),aplay(基于命令行的声音文件播放),arecord(基于命令行的声音文件录制)等。
目前ALSA内核提供给用户空间的接口有:
信息接口(proc/asound)
控制接口(dev/snd/controlCX)
混音器接口(dev/snd/mixerCXDX)
PCM接口(dev/snd/pcmCXDX)
Raw迷笛接口(dev/snd/midiCXDX)
音序器接口(dev/snd/seq)
定时器接口(dev/snd/timer)
和OSS类似,上述接口也以文件的方式被提供,不同的是这些接口被提供给alsa-lib使用,而不是直接给应用程序使用的。应用程序最好使用alsa-lib,或者更高级的接口。
下图所示为ALSA声卡驱动与用户空间体系结构的简图,从中可以看出ALSA内核驱动与用户空间库及OSS之间的关系
http://blog.csdn.net/woxiaozhi/article/details/6122819
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一 . 介绍
ALSA 标准是一个先进的 linux 声音体系。它包含内核驱动集合, API 库和工具对 Linux 声音进行支持。 ALSA 包含一系列内核驱动对不同的声卡进行支持,还提供了 libasound 的 API 库。用这些进行写程序不需要打开设备等操作,所以编程人员在写程序的时候不会被底层的东西困扰。与此相反 OSS/Free 驱动在内核层次调用,需要指定设备名和调用 ioctl 。为提供向后兼容, ALSA 提供内核模块模仿 OSS/Free 驱动,所以大多数的程序不需要改动。 ALSA 拥有调用插件的能力对新设备提供扩展,包括那些用软件模拟出来的虚拟设备。 ALSA 还提供一组命令行工具包括 mixer, sound file player 和工具控制一些特别的声卡的特别的作用。
二 .ALSA 体系:
ALSA API 被主要分为以下几种接口:
l 控制接口:提供灵活的方式管理注册的声卡和对存在的声卡进行查询。
l PCM 接口:提供管理数字音频的捕捉和回放。
l 原始 MIDI 接口 : 支持 MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface), 一种标准电子音乐指令集。 这些 API 提供访问声卡上的 MIDI 总线。这些原始借口直接工作在 The MIDI 事件上,程序员只需要管理协议和时间。
l 记时接口 : 为支持声音的同步事件提供访问声卡上的定时器。
l 音序器接口:一个比原始 MIDI 接口高级的 MIDI 编程和声音同步高层接口。它可以处理很多的 MIDI 协议和定时器。
l 混音器接口:控制发送信号和控制声音大小的声卡上的设备。
三 . 声卡的缓存和数据的传输:
一块声卡有一个声卡内存用来存储记录的样本。当它被写满时就产生中断。内核驱动就使用 DMA 将数据传输到内存中。同样地,当在播放时就将内存中的声音样本使用 DMA 传到声卡的内存中!
声卡的缓存是环状的,这里只讨论应用程序中的内存结构: ALSA 将数据分成连续的片段然后传到按单元片段传输。
四:典型的声音程序结构:
open interface for capture or playback
set hardware parameters
(access mode, data format, channels, rate, etc.)
while there is data to be processed:
read PCM data (capture)
or write PCM data (playback)
close interface
五 . 一些例子:
1. 显示一些 PCM 的类型和格式 :
#include <iostream>
#include <alsa/asoundlib.h>
int main()
{
std::cout << "ALSA library version: " << SND_LIB_VERSION_STR << std::endl;
std::cout << "PCM stream types: " << std::endl;
for (int val=0; val <= SND_PCM_STREAM_LAST; ++val)
std::cout << snd_pcm_stream_name((snd_pcm_stream_t)val) << std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "PCM access types: " << std::endl;
for (int val=0; val <= SND_PCM_ACCESS_LAST; ++val)
std::cout << snd_pcm_access_name((snd_pcm_access_t)val) << std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "PCM subformats: " << std::endl;
for (int val=0; val <= SND_PCM_SUBFORMAT_LAST; ++val)
std::cout << snd_pcm_subformat_name((snd_pcm_subformat_t)val) << " (" << snd_pcm_subformat_description((snd_pcm_subformat_t)val) << ")" << std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "PCM states: " << std::endl;
for (int val=0; val <= SND_PCM_STATE_LAST; ++val)
std::cout << snd_pcm_state_name((snd_pcm_state_t)val) << std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << "PCM formats: " << std::endl;
for (int val=0; val <= SND_PCM_FORMAT_LAST; ++val)
std::cout << snd_pcm_format_name((snd_pcm_format_t)val) << " (" << snd_pcm_format_description((snd_pcm_format_t)val) << ")" << std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
}
2. 打开 PCM 设备和设置参数
#include <iostream>
#include <alsa/asoundlib.h>
int main()
{
int rc;
snd_pcm_t* handle;
snd_pcm_hw_params_t* params;
unsigned int val, val2;
int dir;
snd_pcm_uframes_t frames;
if ( (rc = snd_pcm_open(&handle, "default", SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, 0)) < 0)
{
std::cerr << "unable to open pcm devices: " << snd_strerror(rc) << std::endl;
exit(1);
}
snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca(¶ms);
snd_pcm_hw_params_any(handle, params);
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(handle, params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle, params, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE);
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(handle, params, 2);
val = 44100;
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near(handle, params, &val, &dir);
if ( (rc = snd_pcm_hw_params(handle, params)) < 0)
{
std::cerr << "unable to set hw parameters: " << snd_strerror(rc) << std::endl;
exit(1);
}
std::cout << "PCM handle name = " << snd_pcm_name(handle) << std::endl;
std::cout << "PCM state = " << snd_pcm_state_name(snd_pcm_state(handle)) << std::endl;
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_access(params, (snd_pcm_access_t *)&val);
std::cout << "access type = " << snd_pcm_access_name((snd_pcm_access_t)val) << std::endl;
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_format(params, (snd_pcm_format_t*)(&val));
std::cout << "format = '" << snd_pcm_format_name((snd_pcm_format_t)val) << "' (" << snd_pcm_format_description((snd_pcm_format_t)val) << ")" << std::endl;
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_subformat(params, (snd_pcm_subformat_t *)&val);
std::cout << "subformat = '" <<
snd_pcm_subformat_name((snd_pcm_subformat_t)val) << "' (" << snd_pcm_subformat_description((snd_pcm_subformat_t)val) << ")" << std::endl;
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels(params, &val);
std::cout << "channels = " << val << std::endl;
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate(params, &val, &dir);
std::cout << "rate = " << val << " bps" << std::endl;
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_time(params, &val, &dir);
std::cout << "period time = " << val << " us" << std::endl;
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(params, &frames, &dir);
std::cout << "period size = " << static_cast<int>(frames) << " frames" << std::endl;
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_time(params, &val, &dir);
std::cout << "buffer time = " << val << " us" << std::endl;
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_size(params, (snd_pcm_uframes_t *) &val);
std::cout << "buffer size = " << val << " frames" << std::endl;
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_periods(params, &val, &dir);
std::cout << "periods per buffer = " << val << " frames" << std::endl;
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate_numden(params, &val, &val2);
std::cout << "exact rate = " << val/val2 << " bps" << std::endl;
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_sbits(params);
std::cout << "significant bits = " << val << std::endl;
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_tick_time(params, &val, &dir);
std::cout << "tick time = " << val << " us" << std::endl;
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_batch(params);
std::cout << "is batch = " << val << std::endl;
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_block_transfer(params);
std::cout << "is block transfer = " << val << std::endl;
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_double(params);
std::cout << "is double = " << val << std::endl;
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_half_duplex(params);
std::cout << "is half duplex = " << val << std::endl;
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_joint_duplex(params);
std::cout << "is joint duplex = " << val << std::endl;
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_overrange(params);
std::cout << "can overrange = " << val << std::endl;
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_mmap_sample_resolution(params);
std::cout << "can mmap = " << val << std::endl;
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_pause(params);
std::cout << "can pause = " << val << std::endl;
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_resume(params);
std::cout << "can resume = " << val << std::endl;
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_sync_start(params);
std::cout << "can sync start = " << val << std::endl;
snd_pcm_close(handle);
return 0;
}
3. 一个简单的声音播放程序
#include <iostream>
#include <alsa/asoundlib.h>
int main()
{
long loops;
int rc;
int size;
snd_pcm_t* handle;
snd_pcm_hw_params_t* params;
unsigned int val;
int dir;
snd_pcm_uframes_t frames;
char* buffer;
if ( (rc = snd_pcm_open(&handle, "default", SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, 0)) < 0)
{
std::cerr << "unable to open pcm device: " << snd_strerror(rc) << std::endl;
exit(1);
}
snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca(¶ms);
snd_pcm_hw_params_any(handle, params);
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(handle, params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle, params, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE);
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(handle, params, 2);
val = 44100;
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near(handle, params, &val, &dir);
frames = 32;
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(handle, params, &frames, &dir);
if ( (rc = snd_pcm_hw_params(handle, params)) < 0)
{
std::cerr << "unable to set hw paramseters: " << snd_strerror(rc) << std::endl;
exit(1);
}
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(params, &frames, &dir);
size = frames * 4;
buffer = new char[size];
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_time(params, &val, &dir);
loops = 5000000 / val;
while (loops > 0) {
loops--;
if ( (rc = read(0, buffer, size)) == 0)
{
std::cerr << "end of file on input" << std::endl;
break;
}
else if (rc != size)
std::cerr << "short read: read " << rc << " bytes" << std::endl;
if ( (rc = snd_pcm_writei(handle, buffer, frames)) == -EPIPE)
{
std::cerr << "underrun occurred" << std::endl;
snd_pcm_prepare(handle);
}
else if (rc < 0)
std::cerr << "error from writei: " << snd_strerror(rc) << std::endl;
else if (rc != (int)frames)
std::cerr << "short write, write " << rc << " frames" << std::endl;
}
snd_pcm_drain(handle);
snd_pcm_close(handle);
free(buffer);
return 0;
}
4. 一个简单的记录声音的程序
#include <iostream>
#include <alsa/asoundlib.h>
int main()
{
long loops;
int rc;
int size;
snd_pcm_t* handle;
snd_pcm_hw_params_t* params;
unsigned int val;
int dir;
snd_pcm_uframes_t frames;
char* buffer;
if ( (rc = snd_pcm_open(&handle, "default", SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE, 0)) < 0)
{
std::cerr << "unable to open pcm device: " << snd_strerror(rc) << std::endl;
exit(1);
}
snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca(¶ms);
snd_pcm_hw_params_any(handle, params);
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(handle, params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle, params, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE);
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(handle, params, 2);
val = 44100;
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(handle, params, &frames, &dir);
if ( (rc = snd_pcm_hw_params(handle, params)) < 0)
{
std::cerr << "unable to set hw parameters: " << snd_strerror(rc) << std::endl;
exit(1);
}
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(params, &frames, &dir);
size = frames * 4;
buffer = new char[size];
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_time(params, &val, &dir);
loops = 5000000 / val;
while (loops > 0)
{
loops --;
rc = snd_pcm_readi(handle, buffer, frames);
if (rc == -EPIPE)
{
std::cerr << "overrun occurred" << std::endl;
snd_pcm_prepare(handle);
}
else if (rc < 0)
std::cerr << "error from read: " << snd_strerror(rc) << std::endl;
else if ( rc != (int)frames)
std::cerr << "short read, read " << rc << " frames" << std::endl;
rc = write(1, buffer, size);
if (rc != size)
std::cerr << "short write: wrote " << rc << " bytes" << std::endl;
}
snd_pcm_drain(handle);
snd_pcm_close(handle);
free(buffer);
return 0;
}