Wildcard | Matches |
---|---|
? | Any single character |
* | Any string of characters |
[set] | Any character in set |
[!set] | Any character not in set |
Expression | Matches |
---|---|
[abc] | a, b, or c |
[.,;] | Period, comma, or semicolon |
[-_] | Dash and underscore |
[a-c] | a, b, or c |
[a-z] | All lowercase letters |
[!0-9] | All non-digits |
[0-9!] | All digits and exclamation point |
[a-zA-Z] | All lower- and uppercase letters |
[a-zA-Z0-9_-] | All letters, all digits, underscore, and dash |
Utility | Purpose |
---|---|
cat | Copy input to output |
grep | Search for strings in the input |
sort | Sort lines in the input |
cut | Extract columns from input |
sed | Perform editing operations on input |
tr | Translate characters in the input to other characters |
fc -l
fc -e - number
5)
user's environment file is .profile.
6)Built-in Commands and Keywords
Here is a summary of all built-in commands and keywords.
Command | Chapter | Summary |
---|---|---|
: | 7 | Do nothing (just do expansions of arguments). |
. | 4 | Read file and execute its contents in current shell. |
alias | 3 | Set up shorthand for command or command line. |
bg | 8 | Put job in background. |
break | 5 | Exit from surrounding for, select, while, or until loop. |
case | 5 | Multi-way conditional construct. |
cd | 1 | Change working directory. |
continue | Skip to next iteration of for, select, while, or until loop. | |
echo | 4 | Expand and print arguments (obsolete). |
exec | 9 | Replace shell with given program. |
exit | 5 | Exit from shell. |
export | 3 | Create environment variables. |
eval | 7 | Process arguments as a command line. |
fc | 2 | Fix command (edit history file). |
fg | 8 | Put background job in foreground. |
for | 5 | Looping construct. |
function | 4 | Define function. |
getopts | 6 | Process command-line options. |
if | 5 | Conditional construct. |
jobs | 1 | List background jobs. |
kill | 8 | Send signal to process. |
let | 6 | Arithmetic variable assignment. |
newgrp | Start new shell with new group ID. | |
1 | Expand and print arguments on standard output. | |
pwd | 1 | Print working directory. |
read | 7 | Read a line from standard input. |
readonly | 6 | Make variables read-only (unassignable). |
return | 5 | Return from surrounding function or script. |
select | 5 | Menu generation construct. |
set | 3 | Set options. |
shift | 6 | Shift command-line arguments. |
time | Run command and print execution times. | |
trap | 8 | Set up signal-catching routine. |
typeset | 6 | Set special characteristics of variables. |
ulimit | 10 | Set/show process resource limits. |
umask | 10 | Set/show file permission mask. |
unalias | 3 | Remove alias definitions. |
unset | 3 | Remove definitions of variables or functions. |
until | 5 | Looping construct. |
wait | 8 | Wait for background job(s) to finish. |
whence | 3 | Identify source of command. |
while | 5 | Looping construct. |
Built-in Shell Variables
Variable | Chapter | Meaning |
---|---|---|
# | 4 | Number of arguments given to current process. |
- | Options given to shell on invocation. | |
? | 5 | Exit status of previous command. |
$ | 8 | Process ID of shell process. |
_ | Last argument to previous command. | |
! | 8 | Process ID of last background command. |
CDPATH | 3 | List of directories for cd command to search. |
COLUMNS | 3 | Width of display in columns (for editing modes and select). |
EDITOR | 2 | Used to set editing mode; also used by mail and other programs. |
ERRNO | A | Error number of last system call that failed. |
ENV | 3 | Name of file to run as environment file when shell is invoked. |
FCEDIT | 2 | Default editor for fc command. |
FPATH | 4 | Search path for autoloaded functions. |
IFS | 7 | Internal field separator: list of characters that act as word separators. Normally set to SPACE, TAB, and NEWLINE. |
HISTFILE | 2 | Name of command history file. |
HISTSIZE | 2 | Number of lines kept in history file. |
HOME | 3 | Home (login) directory. |
LINENO | 9 | Number of line in script or function that just ran. |
LINES | 3 | Height of display in lines (for select command). |
3 | Name of file to check for new mail. | |
MAILCHECK | 3 | How often (in seconds) to check for new mail. |
MAILPATH | 3 | List of file names to check for new mail, if MAIL is not set. |
OLDPWD | 3 | Previous working directory. |
OPTARG | 6 | Argument to option being processed by getopts. |
OPTIND | 6 | Number of first argument after options. |
PATH | 3 | Search path for commands. |
PS1 | 3 | Primary command prompt string. |
PS2 | 3 | Prompt string for line continuations. |
PS3 | 5 | Prompt string for select command. |
PS4 | 9 | Prompt string for xtrace option. |
PPID | 8 | Process ID of parent process. |
PWD | 3 | Current working directory. |
RANDOM | 9 | Random number between 0 and 32767 (2215-1). |
REPLY | 5,7 | User's response to select command; result of read command if no variable names given. |
SECONDS | 3 | Number of seconds since shell was invoked. |
SHELL | 3 | Full pathname of shell. |
TMOUT | 10 | If set to a positive integer, number of seconds between commands after which shell automatically terminates. |
VISUAL | 2 | Used to set editing mode. |
These are the operators that are used with the [[...]] construct. They can be logically combined with && ("and") and || ("or") and grouped with parenthesis.
Operator | True If... |
---|---|
-a file | file exists. |
-b file | file is a block device file. |
-c file | file is a character device file. |
-d file | file is a directory. |
-f file | file is a regular file. |
-g file | file has its setgid bit set. |
-k file | file has its sticky bit set. |
-n string | string is non-null. |
-o option | option is set. |
-p file | file is a pipe or named pipe (FIFO file). |
-r file | file is readable. |
-s file | file is not empty. |
-t N | File descriptor N points to a terminal. |
-u file | file has its setuid bit set. |
-w file | file is writeable. |
-x file | file is executable, or file is a directory that can be searched. |
-z string | string is null. |
-G file | file's group ID is the same as that of the shell. |
-L file | file is a symbolic link. |
-O file | file is owned by the shell's user ID. |
-S file | file is a socket. |
fileA -nt fileB | fileA is newer than fileB. |
fileA -ot fileB | fileA is older than fileB. |
fileA -ef fileB | fileA and fileB point to the same file. |
string = pattern | string matches pattern (which can contain wildcards). |
string != pattern | string does not match pattern. |
stringA < stringB | stringA comes before stringB in dictionary order. |
stringA > stringB | stringA comes after stringB in dictionary order. |
exprA -eq exprB | Arithmetic expressions exprA and exprB are equal. |
exprA -ne exprB | Arithmetic expressions exprA and exprB are not equal. |
exprA -lt exprB | exprA is less than exprB. |
exprA -gt exprB | exprA is greater than exprB. |
exprA -le exprB | exprA is less than or equal to exprB. |
exprA -ge exprB | exprA is greater than or equal to exprB. |
These are arguments to the typeset command.
Option | Meaning |
---|---|
With no option, create local variable within function. | |
-L | Left justify and remove leading blanks. |
-R | Right justify and remove trailing blanks. |
-f | With no arguments, prints all function definitions. |
-f fname | Prints the definition of function fname. |
+f | Prints all function names. |
-ft | Turns on trace mode for named function(s). |
+ft | Turns off trace mode for named function(s). |
-fu | Defines given name(s) as autoloaded function(s). |
-i | Declare variable as an integer. |
-l | Convert all letters to lowercase. |
-r | Make variable read-only. |
-u | Convert all letters to uppercase. |
-x | Export variable, i.e., put in environment so that it is passed to subshells |
Operator | Substitution |
---|---|
${varname:-word} | If varname exists and isn't null, return its value; otherwise return word. |
Purpose: | Returning a default value if the variable is undefined. |
Example: | ${count:-0} evaluates to 0 if count is undefined. |
${varname:=word} | If varname exists and isn't null, return its value; otherwise set it to word and then return its value.[7] |
Purpose: | Setting a variable to a default value if it is undefined. |
Example: |
|
${varname:? message} | If varname exists and isn't null, return its value; otherwise print varname: followed by message, and abort the current command or script. Omitting message produces the default message parameter null or not set. |
Purpose: | Catching errors that result from variables being undefined. |
Example: | {count |
${varname:+ word} | If varname exists and isn't null, return word; otherwise return null. |
Purpose: | Testing for the existence of a variable. |
Example: | ${count:+1} returns 1 (which could mean "true") if count is defined. |