【基础】类

虚函数与继承：

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
class Graph{
    int x;
public:
    Graph(int a=0):x(a){}
    Graph(Graph& a):x(a.x){}
    virtual ~Graph(){}
//    virtual double getArea(){}
    virtual double getArea()=0; ///虚函数 -> 抽象函数（不能定义对象）
};
class Circle:public Graph{
    int r;
public:
    Circle(int a):r(a){}
    Circle(int a,int b):Graph(a),r(b){}
    Circle(Circle& a):Graph(a),r(a.r){}
    double getArea(){return 3.14*r*r;}
};
class Rect:public Graph{
    int d,l;
public:
    Rect(int a,int b):d(a),l(b){}
    Rect(int a,int b,int c):Graph(a),d(b),l(c){}
    Rect(Rect& a):Graph(a),d(a.d),l(a.l){}
    double getArea(){return d*l;}
};
int main()
{
    Graph *p;
    int a,b;
    char ch;
    cin>>ch;
    if(ch=='r'){
        cin>>a>>b;
        p=new Rect(a,b);
        cout<<p->getArea()<<endl;
    }
    if(ch=='c'){
        cin>>a;
        p=new Circle(a);
        cout<<p->getArea()<<endl;
    }
}

静态与常量：

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
class data{
private:
    static int cnt;
    const int mem;
    int a,b;
public:

  data(int x=0,int y=0):a(x),b(y){cout<<"in\n";} ///构造
  data(data x):a(x.a),b(x.b){cout<<"copy\n";}; ///拷贝
  ~data(){cout<<"out\n";} ///析构

data(int x=0):mem(x){} ///常量成员 赋值 static int getcnt(){return cnt;} ///静态成员 调用};int data::cnt=0; ///静态成员 赋值int main(){ cout<<data::getcnt(); ///静态成员 调用 data d1(1,2); data d2(d1);}

数组及其运算符：

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
using namespace std;
class IntArray{
    int *mem;
    int len;
public:
    IntArray(){len=0;mem=NULL;}
    IntArray(int *a,int l){
        len=l;
        mem=new int[len];
        for(int i=0;i<len;i++)mem[i]=a[i];
    }
    IntArray(IntArray &a){
        len=a.len;
        mem=new int[len];
        for(int i=0;i<len;i++)mem[i]=a.mem[i];
    }
    bool operator>(IntArray &a){
        for(int i=0;i<len&&i<a.len;i++){
            if(mem[i]>a.mem[i])return true;
            if(mem[i]<a.mem[i])return false;
        }
        if(len>a.len)return true;
        else return false;
    }
    IntArray& operator+(IntArray &a){
        IntArray tmp;
        tmp.len=max(len,a.len);
        tmp.mem=new int[tmp.len];
        for(int i=0;i<len;i++)tmp.mem[i]=mem[i];
        for(int i=0;i<a.len;i++)tmp.mem[i]+=a.mem[i];
        return tmp;
    }
    IntArray& operator=(IntArray &a){
        if(len)delete []mem;
        len=a.len;
        if(len){
            mem=new int[len];
            for(int i=0;i<len;i++)mem[i]=a.mem[i];
        }
        else mem=NULL;
        return *this;
    }
    IntArray operator++(int){ ///后置
        IntArray tmp(*this);
        for(int i=0;i<len;i++)++mem[i];
        return tmp;
    }
    IntArray& operator++(){ ///前置
        for(int i=0;i<len;i++)++mem[i];
        return *this;
    }
    IntArray operator--(int){ ///后置
        IntArray tmp(*this);
        for(int i=0;i<len;i++)--mem[i];
        return tmp;
    }
    IntArray& operator--(){ ///前置
        for(int i=0;i<len;i++)--mem[i];
        return *this;
    }
    void show(){
        for(int i=0;i<len;i++)cout<<mem[i]<<' ';
        cout<<endl;
    }
    friend istream& operator>>(istream &is,IntArray &a);
    friend ostream& operator<<(ostream &os,IntArray &a);
};
istream& operator>>(istream &is,IntArray &a){
    is>>a.len;
    a.mem=new int[a.len];
    for(int i=0;i<a.len;i++)is>>a.mem[i];
    return is;
}
ostream& operator<<(ostream &os,IntArray &a){
    for(int i=0;i<a.len;i++)os<<a.mem[i]<<' ';
    os<<endl;
    return os;
}
int main()
{
    int s1[5]={1,2,3,4,5};
    int s2[5]={1,2,3,4};
    IntArray a(s1,5),b(s2,4),c;
    a.show();
    b.show();
    c=a+b;
    c.show();
    --a;
    a.show();
    if(a>b)cout<<"yes\n";
    else cout<<"no\n";
}

字符串及其运算符：

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
class Mystring{
    char* s;
public:
    Mystring(){s=NULL;}
    Mystring(char* x){
        s=new char[strlen(x)+1];
        strcpy(s,x); ///深拷贝
    }
//    ~Mystring(){if(s!=NULL)delete []s;}
    int length(){
        if(s!=NULL)return strlen(s);
        else return 0;
    }
    void show(){
        if(s!=NULL){cout<<strlen(s)<<s;}
        cout<<endl;
    }
    Mystring& operator=(Mystring another){
        if(another.s==NULL)return *this;
        if(s!=NULL)delete []s;
        s=new char[strlen(another.s)+1];
        strcpy(s,another.s);
        return *this;
    }
    Mystring operator+(Mystring& another){
        if(s==NULL)return another;
        if(another.s==NULL)return *this;
        Mystring tmp;
        tmp.s=new char[strlen(s)+strlen(another.s)+1];
        strcpy(tmp.s,s);
//        cout<<tmp.s<<endl;
        strcat(tmp.s,another.s);
        cout<<tmp.s<<endl;
        return tmp;
    }
    Mystring& operator+=(Mystring &another){
        if(another.s==NULL)return *this;
        if(s==NULL){
            s=new char[strlen(another.s)+1];
            strcpy(s,another.s);
            return *this;
        }
        char *t=new char[strlen(s)+strlen(another.s)+1];
        strcpy(t,s);
        strcat(t,another.s);
        s=new char[strlen(t)+1];
        strcpy(s,t);
        return *this;
    }
};
int main()
{
    Mystring a("abc"),b("efg"),c;
    a.show();b.show();
    c=a+b;
    c.show();
}

指针：

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
class A{
    int a;
public:
    A(int x=0):a(x){cout<<a<<" creat\n";}
    ~A(){cout<<a<<" erase\n";}
    void sett(int x=0){a=x;}
    void pri()const{cout<<a<<endl;}
};
int main(){
    A const *t1=new A(1);///常量指针
    t1->pri();
    t1=new A(2);
    t1->pri();
//    t1->sett(3);
//    t1->pri();
    delete t1;
    cout<<"------------\n";
    A *const t2=new A(4);///指针常量
    t2->pri();
//    t2=new A(4);
//    t2->pri();
    t2->sett(5);
    t2->pri();
    delete t2;
    cout<<"------------\n";
    const A* const t3=new A(6);///指向常量的指针常量
    t3->pri();
//    t3=new A(7);
//    t3->pri();
//    t3->sett(8);
//    t3->pri();
    delete t3;
}