Python 魔法方法详解
http://bbs.fishc.com/thread-48793-1-1.html
(出处: 鱼C论坛)
基本魔法方法
_new_(cls [,…])返回实例化对象
>>> class CapStr(str):
def __new__(cls,string):
string=string.upper()
return str.__new__(cls,string)
>>> a=CapStr('nihaoA')
>>> a
'NIHAOA'
_init_(self [,…])构造器
_del_(self)析构器
>>> class C:
def __init__(self):
print('__init__被调用了')
def __del__(self):
print('__del__被调用了')
>>> a=C()
__init__被调用了
>>> b=a
>>> del a
>>> del b
__del__被调用了
_call_(self)
任何类,只需要定义一个__call__()
方法,就可以直接对实例进行调用。通过callable()函数,我们就可以判断一个对象是否是“可调用”对象。
>>> class Student():
def __call__(self):#__call__
print('call')
>>> s=Student()
>>> s()#可以调用
call
>>> callable(s)#可以调用
True
>>> class Student():#没有定义__call__
pass
>>> s=Student()
>>> s()#不能调用
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#42>", line 1, in <module>
s()
TypeError: 'Student' object is not callable
>>> callable(s)
False
_str_(self)
_repr_(self)
__str__()
返回用户看到的字符串,而__repr__()
返回程序开发者看到的字符串,也就是说,__repr__()
是为调试服务的。
>>> class A:
def __str__(self):
return 'str被调用'
def __repr__(self):
return 'repr被调用'
>>> a=A()
>>> print(a)
str被调用
>>> a
repr被调用
通常__str__()
和__repr__()
代码都是一样的,所以,有个偷懒的写法:
__repr__ = __str__
有关属性
_getattribute_(self,name)
_getattr_(self,name)
_setattr_(self,name,value)
_delattr_(self,name)
>>> class C:
def __getattribute__(self,name):
print('getattribute')
return super().__getattribute__(name)
def __getattr__(self,name):
print('getattr')#不能写super().__getattr__(name),因为super对象没有这个函数
def __setattr__(self,name,value):
print('setattr')
super().__setattr__(name,value)
def __delattr__(self,name):
print('delattr')
super().__delattr__(name)
>>> c=C()
>>> c.x
getattribute
getattr
>>> c.x=1
setattr
>>> c.x
getattribute
1
>>> del c.x
delattr
>>>
陷阱
>>> class Rectangle:
def __init__(self,width=0,height=0):
self.width=width
self.height=height
def __setattr__(self,name,value):
if name=='square':
self.width=width
self.height=height
else:
self.name=value
def getArea(self):
return self.width*self.height
>>> r1=Rectangle(3,4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#43>", line 1, in <module>
r1=Rectangle(3,4)
File "<pyshell#42>", line 3, in __init__
self.width=width
File "<pyshell#42>", line 10, in __setattr__
self.name=value
File "<pyshell#42>", line 10, in __setattr__
self.name=value
File "<pyshell#42>", line 10, in __setattr__
self.name=value
[Previous line repeated 325 more times]
File "<pyshell#42>", line 6, in __setattr__
if name=='square':
RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded in comparison
修改
>>> class Rectangle:
def __init__(self,width=0,height=0):
self.width=width
self.height=height
def __setattr__(self,name,value):
if name=='square':
self.width=width
self.height=height
else:
super().__setattr__(name,value)#或者self.__dict__[name]=value
def getArea(self):
return self.width*self.height
_get_(self,instance,owner)
* set(self,instance,value)*
_delete_(self,instance)
>>> class MyDecriptor:
def __get__(self,instance,owner):
print('getting...',self,instance,owner)
def __set__(self,instance,value):
print('getting...',self,instance,value)
def __delete__(self,instance):
print('getting...',self,instance)
>>> class Text:
x=MyDecriptor()
>>> text=Text()
>>> text.x
getting... <__main__.MyDecriptor object at 0x00000000031DAF60> <__main__.Text object at 0x00000000031DA828> <class '__main__.Text'>
>>> text.x='nihao'
getting... <__main__.MyDecriptor object at 0x00000000031DAF60> <__main__.Text object at 0x00000000031DA828> nihao
>>> del text.x
getting... <__main__.MyDecriptor object at 0x00000000031DAF60> <__main__.Text object at 0x00000000031DA828>
算数运算
>>> class New_int(int):
def __add__(self,other):
return int.__sub__(self,other)
def __sub__(self,other):
return int.__add__(self,other)
>>> a=New_int(3)
>>> b=New_int(5)
>>> a+b
-2
>>> a-b
8
反运算
当左侧操作符不支持相应的操作时
>>> class Nint(int):
def __radd__(self,other):
return int.__sub__(self,other)
>>> a = Nint(5)
>>> b = Nint(3)
>>> a+b
8
>>> 1+b
2
>>> class Nint(int):
def __rsub__(self,other):
return int.__sub__(self,other)
>>> a = Nint(5)
>>> 3-a
2#发现错误
>>> class Nint(int):#重写
def __rsub__(self,other):
return int.__sub__(other,self)
>>> a = Nint(5)
>>> 3-a
-2#正确
>>>
增量赋值运算
_iadd_(self,other)
一元操作符
容器类型
定制容器
定制不变的容器时,定义
_len_(self)
_getitem_(self,key)
定制可变的容器时,还要定义
_setitem_(self,key,value)
_delitem_(self,value)
迭代器
_iter_(self)
_next_(self)
>>> c1.dict
{0: 0, 1: 3, 2: 0, 3: 0, 4: 0}
>>> it=iter('nihaoa')
>>> next(it)
'n'
>>> next(it)
'i'
>>> next(it)
'h'
>>> while True:#用while也可以实现for
try:
each=next(it)
except StopIteration:
break
print(each)
a
o
a
>>> for it in 'nihao':
print(it)
n
i
h
a
o
>>>
如果一个类想被用于for … in循环,类似list或tuple那样,就必须实现一个__iter__()
方法,该方法返回一个迭代对象,然后,Python的for循环就会不断调用该迭代对象的__next__()
方法拿到循环的下一个值,直到遇到StopIteration错误时退出循环。
>>> class Fibs:
def __init__(self,n=10):
self.a=0
self.b=1
self.n=n
def __iter__(self):#实例本身就是迭代对象,故返回自己
return self
def __next__(self):#
self.a,self.b=self.b,self.a+self.b
if self.a>self.n:
raise StopIteration
return self.a
>>> fibs=Fibs()
>>> for each in fibs:
print(each)
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34
55
89