python标准库：threading

线程是CPU分配资源的基本单位。但一个程序开始运行，这个程序就变成了一个进程，而一个进程相当于一个或者多个线程。当没有多线程编程时，一个进程也是一个主线程，但有多线程编程时，一个进程包含多个线程，包括主线程。使用线程可以实现程序的并发。

创建线程

1. 用 threading.Thread 直接在线程中运行函数

import time
import threading

def thread_run(name):
    print("%s's first thread!!!"% name)
    time.sleep(5)

mike = threading.Thread(target=thread_run, args=('Mike', ))
jone = threading.Thread(target=thread_run, args=('jone', ))

mike.start()
jone.start()

2. 通过继承 threading.Thread 类 来创建线程

import time
import threading

class mythread(threading.Thread):
    def __init__(self, name):
        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
        self.name = name

    def run(self):
        print("%s's first thread!!!"% self.name)
        time.sleep(5)

mike = mythread('mike')
jone = mythread('jone')

mike.start()
jone.start()

属性

name

daemon

当 daemon = False 时，线程不会随主线程退出而退出（默认时，就是 daemon = False）
当 daemon = True 时，当主线程结束，其他子线程就会被强制结束

import time
import threading

def thread_mike_run(name):
    time.sleep(1)
    print('mike thread is running 1S')
    time.sleep(5)
    print("%s's first thread!!!"% name)

def thread_jone_run(name):
    time.sleep(2)
    print("%s's first thread!!!"% name)


mike = threading.Thread(target=thread_mike_run, args=('Mike', ), daemon=True)    #设置daemon为True
#mike = threading.Thread(target=thread_mike_run, args=('Mike', ))
jone = threading.Thread(target=thread_jone_run, args=('jone', ))


mike.start()
jone.start()
print('main thread')    #由于线程没有join()，所以主线程会先运行；而jone的daemon为false，所以主线程会等待jone线程运行完毕；但是mike的daemon为True，所以主线程不会等待mike线程
执行结果：
main thread
mike thread is running 1S    #mike线程只执行了1S的print，5S的为执行就直接退出了
jone's first thread!!!

Thread类的方法

可以通过help(threading.Thread)查看线程实例所有方法
start()
启动一个线程

join([timeout])
等待直到线程终止。即主线程将不会继续运行，而是等待子线程全部终止后才会继续运行

import time
import threading

def thread_run(name):
    time.sleep(2)
    print("%s's first thread!!!"% name)


mike = threading.Thread(target=thread_run, args=('Mike', ))
jone = threading.Thread(target=thread_run, args=('jone', ))

mike.start()
jone.start()
mike.join()    #阻塞子线程mike直到mike线程执行完毕
jone.join()    #阻塞子线程jone直到jone线程执行完毕
print('main thread is running!!!')

执行结果：
jone's first thread!!!
Mike's first thread!!!
main thread is running!!!

如果上面列子不执行join()，结果：主线程先执行，然后才会执行子线程mike和jone

import time
import threading

def thread_run(name):
    time.sleep(2)
    print("%s's first thread!!!"% name)


mike = threading.Thread(target=thread_run, args=('Mike', ))
jone = threading.Thread(target=thread_run, args=('jone', ))

mike.start()
jone.start()
#mike.join()    #阻塞子线程mike
#jone.join()    #阻塞子线程jone
print('main thread is running!!!')
执行结果：
main thread is running!!!
jone's first thread!!!
Mike's first thread!!!

isAlive=is_alive()
这个方法用于判断线程是否运行。

    1.当线程未调用 start()来开启时，isAlive()会返回False
    2.但线程已经执行后并结束时，isAlive()也会返回False

getName()
获取当前线程名

setNmae()
设置线程名

isDaemon()

setDaemon()
布尔值，指明这个线程是daemon线程(True)或者不是(False)。这个只能在start()调用之前才能设置否则会抛出RuntimeError异常。因为主线程不是后台线程，因此在主线程中创建的所有子线程默认值都是 False

import time
import threading

def thread_mike_run(name):
    time.sleep(1)
    print('mike thread is running 1S')
    time.sleep(5)
    print("%s's first thread!!!"% name)

def thread_jone_run(name):
    time.sleep(2)
    print("%s's first thread!!!"% name)


mike = threading.Thread(target=thread_mike_run, args=('Mike', ))
jone = threading.Thread(target=thread_jone_run, args=('jone', ))

mike.setDaemon(True)    #设置daemon为True
mike.start()
jone.start()
print('main thread')    #由于线程没有join()，所以主线程会先运行；而jone的daemon为false，所以主线程会等待jone线程运行完毕；但是mike的daemon为True，所以主线程不会等待mike线程
执行结果：
main thread
mike thread is running 1S
jone's first thread!!!

函数

threading.active_count()
返回当前存活的线程对象的数量；通过计算len(threading.enumerate())长度而来
包含主线程

import threading, time


def run():
    thread = threading.current_thread()
    print('%s is running...'% thread.getName())    #返回线程名称
    time.sleep(10)    #休眠10S方便统计存活线程数量

if __name__ == '__main__':
    #print('The current number of threads is: %s' % threading.active_count())
    for i in range(10):
        print('The current number of threads is: %s' % threading.active_count())    #返回当前存活线程数量
        thread_alive = threading.Thread(target=run, name='Thread-***%s***' % i)
        thread_alive.start()
    thread_alive.join()
    print('\nThe current number of threads is: %s' % threading.active_count()) 
    print('%s thread is done...'% threading.current_thread().getName())
执行结果：
The current number of threads is: 1
Thread-***0*** is running...
The current number of threads is: 2
Thread-***1*** is running...
The current number of threads is: 3
Thread-***2*** is running...
The current number of threads is: 4
Thread-***3*** is running...
The current number of threads is: 5
Thread-***4*** is running...
The current number of threads is: 6
Thread-***5*** is running...
The current number of threads is: 7
Thread-***6*** is running...
The current number of threads is: 8
Thread-***7*** is running...
The current number of threads is: 9
Thread-***8*** is running...
The current number of threads is: 10
Thread-***9*** is running...

The current number of threads is: 1
MainThread thread is done...
[Finished in 10.1s]

threading.enumerate()
返回当前活动的Thread对象的列表。该列表包括守护线程、由current_thread()创建的虚拟线程以及主线程。排除了已经终止的线程和尚未启动的线程

threading.currentThread = threading.current_thread()
返回当前线程对象

threading.main_thread()
返回主线程对象，类似 threading.current_thread()；只不过一个是返回当前线程对象，一个是返回主线程对象
以下函数还没有看
threading.Condition()
工厂函数，返回一个新的条件变量对象。一个条件变量允许一个或多个线程等待，直到另外一个线程通知他们（他们指这些等待状态的线程）

threading.Event()
工厂函数，返回一个新的event对象。event管理可以使用set()方法将其设置为True，使用clear()将其重设置为False，wait()方法则阻塞知道set()将其设置为True

threading.Lock()
工厂函数，返回一个全新的原始锁对象。当一个线程获得锁后，后来的线程想要获得这个锁，需要等到当前线程释放锁

threading.RLock()
工厂函数，获得一个可重入锁。

threading.Semaphore([value])
工厂函数，返回一个新的信号量对象。

class threading.local

class threading.Timer